The obligations of the carrier under a Bill of Lading are to properly Essay

The obligations of the carrier under a Bill of Lading are to properly and carefully, load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods car - Essay Example has a number of purposes among which is the evidence of the contract of carriage, statement of condition of goods received and whether the goods received match the contract description, document of transfer without transfer of ownership rights (N unes, T. 2004). Obligations of the carrier under the Bill of Lading include proper and careful loading, keeping and stowing of the goods received alongside with proper discharge of the goods on the board. While, undoubtedly, consideration should be given to human input, the present technological development and long industry experience significantly lower the possibility of human mistake during the transportation process. Crude oil is widely used as a source of energy alongside with production of plastics and manufacturing. As an item of strategic importance, crude oil has for a long time been an object of various political confrontations. The issue is rooted in supply and prices on the commodity: transportation infrastructure emerged in an attempt to satisfy the rising demand for crude oil and products made out of it. Crude oil is transported from production sites to refineries by water and by land. About 62% of all crude oil is shipped by means of maritime transportation: barges and tankers, the remaining part is moved mainly by pipelines, trucks, or trains. Thus, consideration should be given to the two major means used in the industry: oil tankers and pipelines (Hopkins, T. D. 1992). Safety of the commodity during transportation process largely depends on technological aspects of the cargoes used. Oil tankers are classified in accordance with their size: while coastal tankers can carry only about 50,000 tons of dead weight, ULCC are Ultra Large Crude Carriers and can transport over 300,000 of deadweight tons. Increase in size of tankers and, consequently, increase in the amount of chemicals transferred requires special security systems to be installed inside the tank to guarantee protection from oil spill. The