Deportation Essay

What has our nation come to? Separating children from their parents. Aren’t children in America a number one priority? It’s clear that illegal immigrants looking for an immigration reform is a huge issue, there are many things holding our nation back from giving the ones in need one. Perhaps, Terrorist Threat, Economic Reasons & even Violence. However, it’s time that justice has to be made for those who come to this country to make a better future for their families. Over a decade illegal immigrants have been discriminated, being called â€Å"illegal aliens† and mistreated for only coming to this country to give their family a better place to live. It is unfair how adults are trying to build up a better life for themselves, having children in this country and getting deported. This affects children in many ways emotionally & mentally. It is obvious that America has been deporting these â€Å"aliens† as easy as one, two, three just thinking about their benefit but not thinking of the children who are being separated from their parents. The government believes keeping illegal â€Å"aliens† out will prevent Terrorist attacks and Economic issues, when the truth is they are only affecting our own nation. Deportations leave many U.S.-citizen children with unauthorized parents in foster care, â€Å"often for no other reason than the undocumented status of a parent,† at a cost of nearly $26,000 per year for each child. Nowadays the cost of deporting a single person back to their native homeland reaches tens of thousands. Instead of the government saving up money, they are only wasting it on an issue that can simply be solved if we understood the magnitude of how complicated is to deport people back to their countries. Daily, unauthorized immigrants live in constant fear of deportation, which creates a large number of single mothers struggling to make ends meet after the deportations of their husbands most of the time. Many families struggle day by day, to make the money they make in working in fields or as house  keepers. Illegal immigrants are people who are desperate for a better life they are people who are thinking of the better life they can have for their children, it is simply not fair that we deport them leaving them no chance to ever come back and/or start over and help their kids. They are also humans like us that deserve respect and an opportunity to live and seek for their own dreams. Many people who agree that deportation is something that must be done haven’t been through or seen what immigrants have been through and that’s why it makes it so easy for you guys to say yes they should be kicked out of the USA. How would you feel if other countries didn’t want you in their country either? What if the US was much more poor and you couldn’t find a decent job anywhere here how would you feel? A various amount of people are simply racist or immature, they don’t realize how much stress these illegal immigrants have in their back, to push their families forward. My mom came here for my sake. Here I am getting an education, I’m in high school, doing a speech on â€Å"Illegal Immigrants Shouldn’t Be Deported.† It has made me realize I have a really good life here. I’m a junior, perceiving my dream to go to college and become part of the strategic response unit. My mom is the one supporting me along the way since we’ve been here, she’s a perfect example of an honest immigrant worker who I look up to because she came here to give me a better future. My mom left everything behind in search of a better life for us but also to send money to our family back in El Salvador. Many Immigrants leave for a whole lots of reasons, jobs, money, housing, you name it. I dare say, I know a few that are willing to do jobs that nobody I know will even think about. So now they have gone through a lot to get here, what have they done? Found a job to provide for a family. Why send them back to something they are trying so ba dly to get away from? If you don’t want them to be a drain on society, let them find a job somewhere and pay taxes, give them a set of rules to live by? Why be the bad guy and say you can’t live here we don’t want you? Seems kind self-defeating if you ask me. The US helps every country on the planet to fight its battles, eliminates the bad guy, helps the downtrodden, but a few people that come across the border is a problem? Immigrants shouldn’t be deported when they came here looking for a better life. What do you have against them? Illegal immigrants are the huge part of the economy. If we stop  deporting them we can realize that they take jobs no one else would take (janitors, gardeners, farmers, garbage cleaners, cleaners, nannies, textile mill workers†¦Etc.) They are important labor. Also, most don’t do anything wrong†¦Just seeking a better life. If they work, they should be paying taxes like the rest of the American people. And plus, deporting them is only going to cost more money. So why send them back when they can take on jobs here that other people wouldn’t normally do? Not only does it benefit them, it can benefit us, well, financially. This being said, I am here standing up for not only the illegal immigrants who are being deported daily but also for children who are separated from their parents and are affected in major way. Preventing Deportation, and just letting honest illegal immigrants work here and be with their families is what should be done. Taking special measures to keep them here not only for their own benefit but also for our nations own good to prosper and build up a better place for everybody. Therefore, I can’t wait for the day illegal immigrants will stop fearing of being deported back to their countries and being separated from their children. I look forward the day my mom could leave this country without a fear of not coming back. I look forward the day my mom will see her family after being here 10 years now. I look forward the day there will be equality for every ethnicity.

Silver and Test Tube

Copper-silver Nitrate Reaction Introduction In this experiment copper wire will be placed in a solution of silver nitrate. This single replacement reaction will produce a blue solution of copper II nitrate and solid silver. By weighing the reactants before the reaction, the mass of silver produced can be predicted. This theoretical yield can be compared to the actual yield of silver. Purpose Students will compare the theoretical mass of silver with the actual mass of silver from the single replacement reaction between copper and silver nitrate.Materials Copper wire stirring rod 18 x 150 mm test tube silver nitrate, AgN0350 mL graduated cylinder distilled water 100 mL or 250 mL beaker Procedure Day 1 1 . Obtain a 30 cm length of bare copper wire, stirring rod, and 18 x 150 mm test tube. coll the copper wire by wrapping It around a glass-stirring rod. stretch the coiled wire until It Is about 2 cm longer than the test tube. Leave wire tightly coiled near one end and stretched out and s traighten toward the other Weigh the wire and record it in the data table to the nearest 0. 01 grams. using weigh paper, weigh out about 1. 5 g of silver nitrate, AgN03. Record the measurement in data table to the nearest 0. 01 grams. (Caution: Be careful not to get any of the silver nitrate, solution or solid, on your skin or clothing. It will react with them. ) 3. Measure about 20 mL of distilled water In a graduated cylinder and pour It Into the test tube. Add the solid silver nitrate tothe water In the test tube. 4 Carefully move the stlrrlng rod up and down to dissolve the crystals and mix the solution, Take great care not to poke a holeIn the bottom of the test tube with the stirring rod. Rinse the stirring rod with a small amount ot distilled water into the test tube. Place the coiled wire in the silver nitrate solution with the closely coiled end at the bottom of the test tube. Set the test tube into a beaker. 6. Record observations during the next 15 minutes. 7. Set your la beled beaker in the designated area, allowing it to react overnight. Day 2 8. Weigh the 100 mL beaker. 9. Shake the crystals from the copper wire. using a wash bottle, rinse the wire Into he weighed 100 mL beaker. et the wire aside to dry. weigh the copper wire when

Continuing Education Essay

Continuing education (called further education in the United Kingdom and Ireland) is an all-encompassing term within a broad spectrum of post-secondary learning activities and programs. The term is used mainly in the United States and Canada. Recognized forms of post-secondary learning activities within the domain include: degree credit courses by non-traditional students, non-degree career training, workforce training, formal personal enrichment courses (both on-campus and online) self-directed learning (such as through Internet interest groups, clubs or personal research activities) and experiential learning as applied to problem solving. GENERAL CONTINUING EDUCATION General continuing education is similar to adult education, at least in being intended for adult learners, especially those beyond traditional undergraduate college or university age. However, it is not normally considered to include basic instruction such as literacy, English language skills, or programs such as vocational training or GED preparation. Instead, as the term suggests, it is assumed that the student already has an education and is simply continuing it. Frequently, in the United States, continuing education involves enrollment in college/university credit-granting courses, often by students enrolled part-time, and often offered through a division or school of continuing education of a college/university known sometimes as the university extension or extension school. Also frequently in the US, it can mean enrollment in non-credit-granting courses, often taken for personal, non-vocational enrichment (although many non-credit courses can also have a vocational function). Also, in the US, many such non-credit courses are offered by community colleges. The University of Wisconsin–Madison, in 1907, was the first academic institution in the US to offer what today would be considered an identifiable continuing education program. [1][2] In 1969, Empire State College, a unit of the State University of New York, was the first institution in the US to exclusively focus on providing higher education to adult learners. In 1976 the University of Florida created its own Division of Continuing Education and most courses were offered on evenings or weekends to accommodate the schedules of working students. [3] In the spring  of 2009, Eduventures, a higher education consulting firm, released the results of a study that illustrated that the recession had made a significant impact on the views of prospective continuing education students. A survey of 1,500 adults who planned to enroll in a course or program within the next two years determined that while nearly half of respondents believed that the value of education had risen due to the recession, over two-thirds said the state of the economy had affected their plans to pursue continuing education. CATEGORIES OF CONTINUING EDUCATION. Continuing education can be broken down into three categories: Formal education * Structured and organized education, training or professional development that takes place in a school, in the workplace or through a professional credit-granting organization. * Learning takes place under the set rules of the school and the education must be completed within specific time lines. * Results in a formal certification. Non-formal education * Education, training or professional development activities that are provided by by education institutions, community organizations and training agencies. * More flexible about meeting the student’s needs. * Depending on the program, this kind of education does not always result in a formal certification. Informal education * The process of gaining knowledge, skills and values from daily experiences at home, in the community or at work. * Individuals learn in order to enrich themselves. * May result in a certification, but not always. To learn out more about continuing education policy, explore these reports and papers: * Harnessing the power and potential of adult learning and education for a viable future – Sixth International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA VI), UNESCO, December 2009. * Qualifications Systems: Bridges to Lifelong Learning – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, April 2007. CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR PROFESSIONALS Within the domain of Continuing Education, professional continuing education is a specific learning activity generally characterized by the issuance of a certificate or continuing education units (CEU) for the purpose of documenting attendance at a designated seminar or course of instruction. Licensing bodies in a number of fields impose continuing education requirements on members who hold licenses to practice within a particular profession. These requirements are intended to encourage professionals to expand their knowledge base and stay up-to-date on new developments. Depending on the field, these requirements may be satisfied through college or university coursework, extension courses or conferences and seminars attendance. Although individual professions may have different standards, the most widely accepted standard, developed by the International Association for Continuing Education & Training, is that ten contact hours equals one Continuing Education Unit. [5] Not all professionals use the CEU convention. For example, the American Psychological Association accredits sponsors of continuing education such as PsychContinuingEd. com and uses simply a CE approach. In contrast to the CEU, the CE credit is typically one CE credit for each hour of contact. METHOD AND FORMAT OF CONTINUING EDUCATION The method of delivery of continuing education can include traditional types of classroom lectures and laboratories. However, many continuing education programs make heavy use of distance learning, which not only includes independent study, but can also include videotaped/CD-ROM material, broadcast programming or Online Education which has more recently dominated the distance learning community. Many universities such as Southern New Hampshire University, have begun to offer hybrid courses; where adult learners have the option of in-classroom learning, as well as taking online courses. [6] Online courses have brought the possibility of obtaining an affordable college education to many of those of to whom it was previously out of reach. In addition to independent study, the use of conference-type group study, which can include study networks (which can, in many instances, meet together online) as well as different types of seminars/workshops, can be used to facilitate learning. A combination of traditional, distance, and conference-type study, or two of these three methods, may be used for a particular continuing education course or program. CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT A continuing education unit (CEU) or continuing education credit (CEC) is a measure used in continuing education programs, particularly those required in a licensed profession in order for the professional to maintain the license. Examples of people who need CEUs include: teachers, interior designers/interior architects, lighting designers, architects, engineers, educators, nurses, mental health professionals, and social workers. Generally, a CEU is defined as ten hours of participation in a recognized continuing education program, with qualified instruction and sponsorship. CEU records are widely used to provide evidence of completion of continuing education requirements mandated by certification bodies, professional societies, or governmental licensing boards. The records also provide employers with information on training pertinent to particular occupations. The term CEU is in the public domain. Any organization may award a traditional CEU without requiring any accreditation. With a traditional CEU an employer or other organization must decide on an individual basis whether to honor the CEU from a training provider. Due to certain CEU providers not adhering to high standards, and the lack of standards for specific fields, there is sometimes a distrust of the value of a CEU, and accrediting organizations have been created to standardize what a CEU means. [1] Of these, the International Association for Continuing Education & Training (IACET) offers the accreditation of CEUs for the most industries. Specific industries, such as nursing, health, etc. , have their own accrediting processes for CEUs. Any accredited CEU generally has a preface of the accrediting body. For instance training institutions accredited by the IACET can offer IACET CEUs. THE GOALS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION Ideally, continuing-education programs benefit both businesses and workers. Businesses encourage continuing education in order to sustain a highly skilled and specialized workforce—a workforce with the skills to perform a variety of tasks or workers with â€Å"cross-functional† skills. Workers, on the other hand, may receive promotions, gain more power in the job market, or become more valuable employees by enrolling continuing-education programs. Courses are available through a variety of channels. High schools, community colleges, universities, and trade/professional societies and organizations all provide continuing-education programs. Many offer night courses or run weekend-only programs that provide a convenient alternative for those with traditional Monday through Friday schedules. Schools sometimes team up with businesses and organizations to offer programs jointly. In addition, many companies run their own continuing-education programs, ranging from workshops and seminars to full-fledged college-credit curriculums. For example, Associated Spring, of Bristol, Connecticut, a division of the Barnes Group, cosponsors a voluntary on-site training program for employees that allows participants to earn credits toward associate degrees. The classes are run by instructors from Tunxis Community-Technical College in nearby Farmington. Classes range from basic subjects such as English composition to advanced managerial courses, such as organizational behavior, business and society (the study of public policy), and labor relations. By offering such courses, businesses can ensure that they have a steady supply of qualified workers. While advancing technology played a role in creating the need for continuing education, it also created new avenues for providing continuing education. The Internet, for example, eased the burden of enhancing business skills by allowing professionals to learn at home whenever convenient, alleviating the commuting and the time constraints associated with traditional classes. Universities as well as professional societies and organizations set up Internet classrooms or web sites that provide audio and visual instruction in such fields as insurance, accounting, real estate, and computer software. Not all continuing-education courses are aimed at professionals. Some schools offer training facilities and programs for tradespeople such as plumbers and carpenters. Classes in such programs provide not only practical information on the tasks of the trades, but also information on how to start and manage businesses. THE BENEFITS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION People who upgrade their work skills and knowledge not only can keep up with the latest technologies and business techniques, but they also can receive other benefits, such as the training needed to climb the corporate ladder and to realize additional career goals. Training facilities often house state-of-the-art equipment such as computers and computer-based training equipment. Computers can facilitate interactive training through computer networks such as the Internet. With this technology, learners have instant access to experts in virtually every vocation. While continuing education is sometimes perceived as largely a means to career advancement, researchers in the late 1990s argued that continuing education was becoming less of an option and more of a necessity. Hence, one of the greatest benefits workers may derive from continuing education is simply keeping their jobs. Nevertheless, additional education still can help employees receive promotions and land better jobs. Besides these basic advantages, some experts contend that continuing education provides additional benefits at a more abstract level. Continuing education allows workers to clarify and understand the purpose and goals of their occupations. In addition, continuing education can help advance various occupations by giving employees the opportunity to acquire both theoretical and practical occupational knowledge and to improve their problem-solving skills. Continuing education also facilitates establishing and regulating occupational standards for some professions. Perhaps the ultimate benefit of continuing education, however, is its ability to impart an attitude or disposition that encourages workers to find and use the best techniques available at any given time and to realize that these techniques will need to be improved or replaced, according to Cyril 0. Houle in Continuing Learning in the Professions. This attitude became all the more important late in the 20th century with the persistent technological advances, the growth of competition for jobs, and the shift from a manufacturing-based economy to a service based economy. Continuing education provides Canadians with skills and knowledge. Most importantly, continuing education provides people with options. See how continuing education can help you: Career and skills development * increase job opportunities * change careers or get a promotion * upgrade or develop new skills * get exposure to new ideas and best practices. * improve your competitive edge on the job market * keep pace with technology and industry trends * turn hobbies into job skills * get tools to cope with economic downturns * expand your professional network Academic enhancement * get your high school diploma * improve basic literacy * get prerequisites for college or university * retake courses to improve your academic grade point average * qualify for academic scholarships Personal development * explore new interests * get a richer awareness of different topics * meet new people and expand your network * become engaged with your community. * better understand issues affecting you and your community * improve self-esteem CONTINUING EDUCATION CENTRE (IITR) Learning is a lifelong process It is a pioneering centre in the area of continuing education in the country. It has completed more than 50 years of service and has played a very important role in the promotion of knowledge upgradation activity in our country by organizing refresher/specialist courses for in-service technical and professional person from various Govt. /Semi Govt. organisations, public and private undertakings, research institutions and industries. The Centre conducts about 60 to 70 short term training programmes in Continuing Education every year in various disciplines of management, engineering, science and technology in which the professionals are trained from all parts of the country as well as from the neighbour countries. The Centre is fully equipped with the facility of conference hall, accommodation, dining and recreation. This Centre acts as a window to disseminate information and awarenedd of latest technological developments. Courses organised by this Centre are innovative, accessible and stimulating and address to the current needs of the professionals. Programs reach students in all corners of the country/from all walks of life. To meet a variety of needs, Centre offers flexible, comprehensive course curricula in many formats. In the face of rapid technological advancement taking place around the globe, continuing education of in-service professional to new technologies is the need of the day to update knowledge much after completing formal education. Courses are being organised through the technical expertise available in the departments and centres of the Institute. Experts from industries and R&D organisations are also invited to deliver lectures wherever necessary. Centre organizes the courses in the beautiful campus of the Institute and also outside the Institute in consultancy as well as in sponsored mode that respond to client’s continuing professional development needs. Who comes to attend the courses Participants who enroll in our courses are interested in lifelong learning. Many participants attend courses to develop professional skills, many because they love learning and many for both of these reasons. The participant of the courses are in-service technical persons from various Govt. /Semi Govt. organisations, public and private undertakings, research institutions and industries. CLIENT ORGANISATIONS An illustrative List †¢ ALSTOM Projects India Limited †¢ Associated Cement Company †¢ Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. †¢ Central Pollution Control Board †¢ Central Water Commission †¢ Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation & Management †¢ Construction Industry Development Council †¢ Damodar Valley Corporation †¢ Department of Science & Technology †¢ Electricity Board Utility †¢ Ethopian Electricity Agency †¢ Ghana Irrigation Development Authority †¢ HAUC, Sweden †¢ HIMC †¢ Hindustan College of Science & Technology †¢ HPGEDA †¢ Indian Railway †¢ Irrigation Management Training Institute. †¢ Japan International Cooperation Agency †¢ LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. †¢ Ministry of Home Affairs †¢ Ministry of Human Resource †¢ Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources †¢ Ministry of Power †¢ Ministry of Water Resources †¢ Moradabad Institute of Technology †¢ National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development †¢ National Hydropower Corporation Ltd. †¢ National Programme on Earthquake Engineering Education †¢ National Rural Roads Development Agency †¢ National Thermal Power Corporation †¢ Oil & Natural Gas Corporation †¢ PBSTI †¢ Power Finance Corporation †¢ PRAGYA †¢ Prasar Bharti †¢ Project Management Unit Punjab State Electricity Board Research Designs & Standard Organisation †¢ Rural Engineering Services †¢ Security Paper Mills †¢ Smt. Ram Rati Gupta Women’s Polytechnic †¢ Tamil Nadu News Print and Papers Ltd. †¢ TIFAC-CORE †¢ Uttaranchal Academy of Administration †¢ Uttaranchal Gramin Sadak Vikas Abhikaran †¢ Uttaranchal Renewable Energy Development Agency †¢ Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka †¢ Xerox Modi Corp. Ltd. BACKGROUND This Centre provides high quality, professionally delivered short term courses covering a wide range of subjects. Provision is made for individuals, organisations, and professional groups. The present rate of development in any scientific area makes the specialized knowledge of a person in that area obsolete very soon. Continuing Engineering Education plays a vital role in the education and training of professionals which will keep them more productive and creative throughout their professional career. The goal of the country’s education system is to provide a very good basic education, train the students in a wide range of academic and professional disciplines to fulfill personal, societal and national needs. It is therefore the responsibility of companies and organisations to build a work force of their own on this foundation by providing training, continuing education and re-education. Developed countries have demonstrated that Continuing Engineering Education leads to better job performance and job satisfaction contributing to higher levels of economic development. The need for Continuing Engineering Education at the present juncture is all the more evident because the Indian engineering industry has to survive global competition in the light of new economic reforms proposed by opening our industrial sector for foreign investors. Vision A front line centre in science, engineering , technology and management making significant contributions to human resource development envisaging dynamic needs of the professionals Objective †¢To create opportunity for gaining experience and more knowledge in a particular field. †¢To create awareness in the technical community regarding the advances in their area of interest and expertise of IITR. †¢To provide a platform for interaction of Faculty, Consultants, Industries and users. †¢To provide an opportunity to study at IIT Roorkee for a short period of time. To provide requisite inputs for improvements. CONCLUSION Continuing education refers to any type of post-secondary education, used to either obtain additional certifications, or as credits required to maintain a license. Almost anybody can take continuing education courses for personal or professional enrichment; fitness trainers, nurses, and safety instructors are examples of professionals who fall into the second category. This type of education is aimed exclusively to adults who already possess a college or university degree. People take continuing education in the form of workshops, seminars, home-study or online courses, conferences, and hands-on training. There is no specific format or length for this type of program: some may take a weekend, while others can span weeks or even months. In the case of education for personal advancement only, students usually don’t receive college credits, as the courses are not considered part of the standard educational system. A common characteristic to all continuing education programs is a registration process. Attending a conference or cultural event that is open to the general public does not give attendants any type of education credits, and cannot be considered formal training.

The analysis by Steel Tube division of Engineering Products Plc Assignment

The analysis by Steel Tube division of Engineering Products Plc accountant - Assignment Example Center of discussion in this paper is a financial analyst for Steel Tube division of Engineering Products Plc named Roger Davis. He is having a tough time convincing the management for a project proposal. The analysis by his accountant and the additional information obtained from other sources has added to his woes. Roger Davis needs to convince his managing director about the viability of a new proposal for computer numerically controlled (CNC) milling machine. The MD is not ready to spend money on the project unless it can start yielding profits within 3 years. However, the accountant’s analysis shows an overall loss for the project over the next 4 years. It won’t be prudent to expect much from the project after this period. Roger has collected a lot of additional information as well. But he has not been able to justify the viability of the project with given information. Most of the information available to Roger seems relevant at first sight. However, the consultant charges of  £18,000 have already been paid by the company. Hence, they would not make much difference to the investment decision. Also acquiring opening stock at the beginning of the year rather than considering the same at year end would have minimal impact on the decision (the impact due to time value of money would be very small as compared to other numbers) and hence should be neglected for analysis. In addition there are pieces of information which don not directly reflect the performance of the project and must be excluded for a fair evaluation. They would be discussed in greater detail in section 5. 4. Cash flow Analysis using all additional information The accountant’s analysis was quite limited. Therefore, additional information collected by Roger needs to be incorporated in the financial analysis (Johnson, Derek). The same has been done in Table 4.1. The methodology for the same is discussed here. Table 4.1: Cash Flow Analysis using Accountant’s Analysis a nd Additional Information    Year       0 1 2 3 4 Total Sales    400.00 600.00 800.00 600.00    Cost of Sales    180.00 300.00 380.00 300.00    Labour Cost    80.00 120.00 120.00 80.00    Revised Other production expenses    64.00 66.00 68.00 84.00    Depreciation    40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00    Administrative Overhead    54.00 76.00 74.00 74.00    Interest on loans    22.00 22.00 22.00 22.00    Total Cost    440.00 624.00 704.00 600.00    PBT    -40.00 -24.00 96.00 0.00    PBDT    0.00 16.00 136.00 40.00    Depreciation for Tax purpose    60.00 45.00 33.75 25.31    Cumulative Depreciation for Tax purpose    60.00 105.00 138.75 164.06    PBT (for Tax purpose)    -60.00 -29.00 102.25 14.69    PAT (for Tax purpose)    -42.00 -20.30 71.58 10.28    Net profit (for company)    -62.00 -25.30 77.83 24.97    Scrap sales 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00    Cash benefits due to sell-off of existing machine 0.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.0 0    Additional advertising expenses -40.00 -8.00 -8.00 -8.00 -8.00    Consultant expenses -18.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00    Reduction in sales of competing products    -60.00 -60.00 -60.00 -60.00    Net cash flow -38.00 -112.00 -75.30 27.83 -5.03

The obligations of the carrier under a Bill of Lading are to properly Essay

The obligations of the carrier under a Bill of Lading are to properly and carefully, load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods car - Essay Example has a number of purposes among which is the evidence of the contract of carriage, statement of condition of goods received and whether the goods received match the contract description, document of transfer without transfer of ownership rights (N unes, T. 2004). Obligations of the carrier under the Bill of Lading include proper and careful loading, keeping and stowing of the goods received alongside with proper discharge of the goods on the board. While, undoubtedly, consideration should be given to human input, the present technological development and long industry experience significantly lower the possibility of human mistake during the transportation process. Crude oil is widely used as a source of energy alongside with production of plastics and manufacturing. As an item of strategic importance, crude oil has for a long time been an object of various political confrontations. The issue is rooted in supply and prices on the commodity: transportation infrastructure emerged in an attempt to satisfy the rising demand for crude oil and products made out of it. Crude oil is transported from production sites to refineries by water and by land. About 62% of all crude oil is shipped by means of maritime transportation: barges and tankers, the remaining part is moved mainly by pipelines, trucks, or trains. Thus, consideration should be given to the two major means used in the industry: oil tankers and pipelines (Hopkins, T. D. 1992). Safety of the commodity during transportation process largely depends on technological aspects of the cargoes used. Oil tankers are classified in accordance with their size: while coastal tankers can carry only about 50,000 tons of dead weight, ULCC are Ultra Large Crude Carriers and can transport over 300,000 of deadweight tons. Increase in size of tankers and, consequently, increase in the amount of chemicals transferred requires special security systems to be installed inside the tank to guarantee protection from oil spill. The

Super Size me written assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Super Size me written assignment - Essay Example It tackles the issue of fast food in general. The movie is starred by Morgan Spurlock, Daryl Isaacs Lisa Ganjhu and a host of other characters. The storyline is the current hot international topic, as hot as some of the dishes served at the MacDonald’s. They are served with lots of public relations gimmicks and good wishes, but are they really good dishes? The number of suits pending against them may well worth subject matter of another menu card, and must be handed over to each customer, before they push the entry door of the restaurant. The movie sets the tone for a perfect legal drama. The issue: Morgan Spurlock has to prove that the food is unhealthy. His would be the test case and if proved correct, plaintiff would have a claim from the MacDonald’s. Morgan Spurlock conducts the experiment on him, by becoming the guinea pig, as they would say in popular parlance. The story has all the ingredients needed for a tight legal case. A general practitioner, a cardiologist and a gastroenterologist are there to seal the fate of MacDonald’s, if everything goes well to make Morgan Spurlock unwell. The guidelines set for the Morgan Spurlock experiment, may as well set (to an extent it has already set) the tone for a national/international debate on the issue of accepting fast food as a way of life.

Arthur Andersen after Enron Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arthur Andersen after Enron Scandal - Essay Example Despite the death of its founder, the firm managed to continue expanding. The base of the clients rose to 50,000 from 2,300 in the years 1947-1973 with offices in Chicago increasing to more than 1,500 employees from 250. The late centuries of the twentieth saw, the expansion of the firm internationally creating a division for consultation with management that is fast growing. Arthur Company was regarded as one of the big five companies in the world until the company’s involvement in a criminal case that saw its downfall. The main reason for choosing this company is because, despite the company being involved in various scandals, it managed to rise again after 12 years. Â  The company faced various ethical issues that led to its downfall in 2001. One of them was conducting the illegal audit for Enron Company, the giant company in energy that aimed at covering up billions of dollars that were lost at the energy firm (Titcomb Par. 4). According to the Enron committee, the assessment of the audit that was done revealed that Andersen Company failed to fulfill the responsibilities of its profession regarding the audit the company conducted on the financial statement for Enron. Andersen was therefore convicted for destroying documents that were produced after auditing, which prevented justice according to Enron’s claims. The conviction was however revised later after two managers from Andersen and Enron Company were found to be responsible for ordering the shredding of the relevant documents. This scandal was before Andersen engaged a math of Brickyard with its worker Gagel that to the company was a history though it proved the ability of Andersen to carry out its work with perfection. The brick incidence was whereby a young auditor was sent on a task that was his daily routine to ascertain inventory of bricks million in number that was baking in the sun in Marion.

Strategic Corporate Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Corporate Finance - Essay Example Quite simply, the investors also have their own set of motivations and would only be willing to invest in a corporation’s equity or debt if it meets with their required rate of return. They may be willing to take a risk in investing in a particular firm if the returns from this are higher than that offered by US Treasury bonds with one year to maturity. Since the rate of return on these bonds are guaranteed by the US Government, they are thought to be a riskless investment, assuming that the US Government will never default on payment of the principal and interest on the due dates. Consequently in financial circles, the market rate on such US bonds is known in common parlance at the ‘risk free rate.’ The investors could put their money into such an investment and rest assured that they would earn this rate of interest without too much worry at all. Therefore in order to induce the investor to invest in the equity or debt of a particular corporation, that firm or b usiness must offer a higher rate of interest. Investors know that they can increase the return on their investment by taking a chance on more risky securities than the US Treasury bonds, but how much risk they are willing to take is an individual decision depending on the company’s past performance, its financial stability and the actions and business acumen of its management. It also depends on the sales of the company’s products and the viability of their future plans. In any event, the investor can pull out his investment by selling the shares or bonds in the open marketplace at the going rate on any business day. In the case of stocks or equity investment, he can stand to gain or lose in respect of capital gains (current price per share versus the price at which he had originally purchased them) and dividends paid out (usually stated on a per share basis as well). In the case of bonds or debt securities, he gets a fixed rate of return called interest and can also e xpect his principal repayment on the date of maturity of such instrument. Usually we find that bonds are being offered at a discount in the debt marketplace which means below their par or face value. In this case the investor also stands to gain because he pays less than the face value for these bonds but can expect their full value to be paid back on the maturity date. Determining the Cost of Equity Capital under Different Theories To summarize, from the foregoing we have seen that the investor has certain requirements which he hopes will be met by investing in more risky securities than US Treasury Bonds or risk free investments. He will most likely make a decision to invest after looking at the company’s financial performance, its history of share prices and dividend payouts in recent years. Much also depends on the sales of the company’s products and the viability of management’s future plans. However from a theoretical standpoint, we have three different th eories that seek to explain the reasoning behind an investment decision. These are (1) the Dividend Growth model; (2) the Capital Asset Pricing Model and (3) the Arbitrage Pricing Theory. Let us now look at each of these in turn. The Dividend Growth

Sustainability in operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainability in operations - Essay Example Delhaize Group is a retail food stores that has operating since 1867. The Group was founded in Belgium and since inception, the company has been operating quiet well by enhancing its visibility in the market. The company with its effective sustainability has been catering services to a large number of clients in the prime locations of the world (1Delhaize Group SA, 2014). In this regard, the paper elaborates on the different approaches of the sustainability operations that are prevalent in the global world. A detailed review of the sustainability operation practiced by the Delhaize Group has been conducted. Bartlett (2012) defines sustainability, as â€Å"sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs† (pp. 2). This suggest that the present day society is majorly concerned about renewable resources and protecting the same. The development of the different means that would help in protecting the non-renewable resources form depletion is a major need for the present day (Bartlett, 2012). In this respect, Kuhlman and Farrington (2010) noted on the â€Å"optimal theory of exploitation of non-renewable resources† exclaiming that even after the depletion of the different non-renewable resources, the organisations are hardly inclined towards protecting the same. Maintaining sustainability is a further challenge as humans and nature has an opposite mode of operation. The nature follows a strict rule of adaptation as well as harmony whereas humans are majorly focused on conqu ering the nature and its resources. Contextually, Ciegis, Ramanauskiene and Martinkus (2009) stated that owing to the diversified nature of the different program and mode of operations of the different communities, it is difficult to develop a unanimous

CIPD ' understanding the organisations and the role of HR Essay

CIPD ' understanding the organisations and the role of HR - Essay Example Purpose and Goals The organizational goals are discussed below: The ABC Food Plaza will fulfill the needs and demand of customers through high quality food products. The employees of the organization will try to retain potential customers and target new customers through effective customer service. The organization will undertake sustainable business operation strategies in order to overcome several conflicts. Business priorities for 2014: 1) The organization will expand its outlets throughout the country in next three years to fulfill the market demand. 2) The organization will focus on business profitability in order to break even within three years of its business operations. Organizational chart of ABC Food Plaza The number of employees is 50 while company mainly targets the youth. The organizational chart is a sort of diagram that reveals the relation of a specific employee with another employee in an organization. This means the CEO or the director of the organization with all other employees of the departments such as strategy department, finance department, manufacture, Human resource, planning, operations and many others. In ABC Food Plaza, hierarchical organizational chart is followed in which, all sorts of plans and innovative ideas are given from the top-most authority. The same is presented in a graphical order as in the appendix. Impact of External Factors on Business Activities Political The government of the UAE is motivating the new entrepreneurs to start their business as it can help the country to reduce the challenges like increasing unemployment rate. Recently the government developed several policies for the fast food chains. Economical Global economic environment has been highly affected due to recent financial crisis and economic recession. People are trying to avoid the consumption of high priced products. Social Fast foods are quite popular among the people of UAE. Slowly and gradually, the demand for healthy food products is significa ntly increasing. Technological The organization is going to operate in a technologically developed country. The organization can get the access of advanced technology for the business purposes. Structure and Functions of the Organization The organization has board of directors, president and vice-president at the top of the structure. According to the decentralization structure, the managers of all the departments have the decision making authority. The organization has four functions, such as sales and marketing, operation, human resource and accounts. Impact of Different functions on performance of the Organization All the functions within the organization will work together in order to optimize the organizational performance. Effective strategy development of marketing managers and in-store operation activities will help ABC Food Plaza to meet the satisfaction level of the customers. Culture of the Organization The organization is following decentralizing structure. The organizat ion believes that effective and employee friendly organization culture can develop a conflict free workplace

Integrated Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example Various methods of communication such as billboard advertising and radio advertising and messages are linked together in a systematic and integrated manner. All promotional tools are harmonized together in the advertising chosen by a particular company. (Fill, 2009, p.5). Promotion tools include methods of advertising, personal selling, customer care relations, database marketing, consumer and sales promotional, sponsorship and public relations. These promotional tools aim at making the consumers aware of the products that the company is offering in the market and the benefits of using these products. Basic components of integrated marketing include foundation, advertising means, promotional means, and integration methods and foundation is laid on the objectives of brand management and corporate image (Schultz, Tannenbaum, & Lauterborn, 1992, p 61). It is important for the organization to put forward effective tools of promotion, which help the organization design messages that will promote organization products in the media such as offers, gifts and personal selling messages in the radios, television and print media (Pickton & Broderick, 2005, p 48). Benefits of Using Integrated Marketing Communication According to Smith and Taylor (2004, p 85), Customers act in a specialized manner when they only buy things that they require. When the organization gets to know what customer wants through direct selling the organization will increase production on these particular goods and reduce wastage of resources. The customers’ needs and wants better gets to be well known by organization creating image awareness (Schultz and Schult 2004, p 36). Organizations are able to create a better customer satisfaction and protection by creating a customer database that they will use in their research and analysis (Fill, 2009, p.8). Databases are important in helping Organizations to create strategies that lead to increased sales. Apple Inc. for instance, has a well-developed database within which it lists all its products and their prices hence ensure high quality products and services. Ludi and Bird (2005, p.63) asserts that marketing communication helps organizations to attain competitive advantage over its competitors. When an organization gets to know the customer needs and wants it will be in a better position to create messages that will attract and retain customers. Advantages of the organization gaining a competitive advantage over its competitors are that the organization will experience increased sales, which will in turn increase profits (Hackley 2010, p. 25). Integrated marketing communication will enable organizations to choose a media that will help save organizations management time, stress as well as money. The media chosen will also save money and time for the customer (Hobson 2008, 42). In this regards, many organizations will prefer commercial adverts than any other since they are very economical. Coca Cola Company uses so much of co mmercial adverts to reach to its customers. Wal-Mart as well advertises its goods and products through various media but prefers commercial TV adverts as they give a better picture. Organisations gain competitive advantage by creating value in their products and the image of the company as well as producing low costs goods due to the reduced costs of production especially the advertising costs. In most cases, the advertising c

Analysis of Whipps Cross Hospital Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Whipps Cross Hospital Essay Waltham Forest is one of the busiest areas in London. The main reason behind this comes from the big hospital called Whipps Cross; serving a large community of approximately 225,000 people it makes it difficult for the approximately 2488 hospital to keep track of every single patient. There for I am going to create a database for the hospital staff to be able to store, delete, search and edit data about the patients as well as the doctors. This will help the hospital to keep track of the patient, for example, their latest treatment that they had, and what doctor they saw last etc. The hospital database will be accessible to all staff or workers in the hospital. My database will also be used to produce report and respond to particular queries (question/ comments) that the doctors may have about patients. However before I start my database I will need the following information: OUTLINE In this section I am going to outline the headings that I will be including in my database; this will store information about staff (doctors) and patients of the hospital. Database: A database is a collection of data that is organised so that its contents can easily be accessed, managed and updated. The most prevalent type of database is the relational database, a tabular database in which data is defined so that it can be reorganized and accessed in a number of different ways. A distributed database is one that can be dispersed or replicated among different points in a network. Advantages * Reduced data redundancy * Reduced updating errors and increased consistency * Greater data integrity and independence from applications programs * Improved data access to users through use of host and query languages * Improved data security * Reduced data entry, storage, and retrieval costs * Facilitated development of new applications program Disadvantages * Database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design * Substantial hardware and software start-up costs * Damage to database affects virtually all applications programs * Extensive conversion costs in moving form a file-based system to a database system * Initial training required for all programmers and users (http://www.cl500.net/pros_cons.html) Tables: I am going to have two tables first table to get the details about the staff of Whipps Cross Hospital and the second table for the patients in Whipps cross hospital. For each table I will have different columns in which I will have suitable fields for instance for the first table I will put the doctor name and just say if there are 20 doctors working I will put all of their names, address, gender, date of birth, salary and staff ID etc. I will then store this information onto the computer. So altogether their will be six rows. For the second table for patients I will put the patients name in the first field, gender in the second field, then the address in the third field and their date of birth in the fourth field etc Forms: == A form is like a blank document witch allows you to enter information into the database. I will need the forms in my database as this will narrow my search when I am finding out information about the staff and the patients in Whipps cross hospital. I will also give each field its suitable form to access the information required. I will create a separate form for each doctor and patient in Whipps Cross Hospital so the information dont get mixed and makes it less complicated to store. The forms can also be used as a back up file. -Types of forms that I will be including in my database: o Names of staff and patients in alphanumerical form o Gender (M/F) in alphanumerical form o Address in alphanumeric form o Date of birth in integer form o Salary for the each staff member ($) money o Staff ID number (six digits) -in integer form Queries: This is a selection of data from the table in a database and a single query can extract data from different tables. It searches particularly information that is already stored on the database and will allow the hospital to use it for research + to make reports of their findings. A query is an inquiry into the database using the SELECT statement. A query is used to extract data from the database in a readable format according to the users request. For instance, if you have an employee table, you might issue a SQL statement that returns the employee who is paid the most. This request to the database for usable employee information is a typical query that can be performed in a relational database. (http://www.informit.com/articles/article.asp?p=29661rl=1) As from the definition it suggests that its the selection of data, I will design two tables one for the staff and other one for the patients in Whipps cross hospital so with the help of both tables the Whipps Cross can run a query to specific information about the patient or the doctor. The query can also be used under one table as, if the hospital only needs to find the patients information. A query is useful because it will allow me to extract specific information from the database. Whipps Cross Hospital can just run the queries and check if there database is working effectively it will save there time and make things easier to find and store. Reports: Producing information on a database in a form of a report data base will produce reports about the doctors and the patients e.g. patients information report, the doctors salary record etc. It will also produce results on a database in a presentable form. After making query database will produce the report for them in which it will be the information of one/two tables. This will be easier for Whipps Cross to translate the information. SUB TASK Design: I am designing a database for Whipps Cross Hospital to store their stuff and patients information under. Im going to design a database that will consist of two tables, one for the staff and the other one for the patients. EXAMPLE -For the staff: STAFF Surname John Forename Simon Gender (M/F) M D.O.B 04/05/1972 Address 31 Carlton Road, E17 5ET, Walthamstow, London Salary 30,000 per year ID number J17672 -For the patients: PATEINT Surname Jodi Forename Simon Gender (M/F) F D.O.B 06/08/1985 Address 9 farmer road, E10 5ST, Leyton, London NHS number 6314518420 History hepatitis B Implementation: At this point I will be making my database. I would like to use Delphi software which I can access to find the information about the staff or the patients on my computer, but the school does not pervade us with this software so there for I will be using Microsoft access to design my tables and the database or I can even use Microsoft excel to make the database. This is because the school dont have the appropriate software which they have in hospitals and this is the appropriate one. It is easier to use and it dont take a lot of space in the computer Testing: I will test my work by adding appropriate information and appropriate codes using Microsoft excel or Microsoft access for example: For the staff ID I had maximum range of number from 1000 to 20,000 so I can put six digits Id for the staff and I will make sure that these six digits should be between 1000 and 20,000 and for testing purpose I will put a number less than 1000 and greater then 20,000. So when I do this if the error occurred or I tried to put more then six digit ID the database will automatically reject the value so I will have to put another ID to test my work. When I will put the right values my database did work so this shows that my database is working perfect. This is one of the example which I have used from my report to show that what will happen if I will have number less than1000 or more then 20,00 in my database the computer will automatically reject those values and if I have more then 6numbers in my ID it will also reject it. In the case with fixing these errors I will have to make corrections in the structural mode of tables. All this means that when I will be making my table I will put the staff ID in the structural mode. So when I will need to change the data I cant directly change from my report or the inquiry I will have to go in structural mode to change this information. I can also produce a number of recodes and run queries to see if the results are accurate. Evaluate: I will evaluate my work by showing each step and explaining how I achieved this and all the errors and complication that I had. How I can improve my database. I will also explain the things which went right or wrong. INPUTS The data will be put into 2 tables, one for the staff and one for the patient. It will have different field names because there are 2 different sets of people. This will be the information that I will be putting into the database or the FIELDS.STAFF For the staff table: For the patients table: OUTPUTS How the data will be presented once it has come out of the computer; I will present my information in the form of table, reports and queries. SUCCESS CRITERIA In order for the database to be successful, I will measure the success of my data by running queries. Also, I will see if the correct information is displayed, this will tell me if it is a success and if it works proper.My database must contain information about Whipps cross hospitals staff and patients so it makes it easier for them to store and keep track of all the staff and patients so it makes it easier for Whipps Cross to store and keep track of all the stuff and patients. My database needed to be used friendly, it needs to have no spelling mistakes and it should have no gaps.

Digital signature

Digital signature I. Introduction The main role of digital signature primitive is to preserve the data integrity of electronic document and to accomplish the requirement of authentication and verification. Only one signer using his/her private key generates an ordinary digital signature scheme. However, in some practical application, a document requires all group members to generate a signature together. These schemes are called digital multisignature schemes [2], in which all group members sign the same document by using their private keys. The multisignature scheme has three characteristics, refer to [2, 4]. For generating an efficient multisignature, the verification cost and the size of a multisignature might be almost as same as that of an ordinary signature. In the past decade, several multisignture schemes were proposed based on the factorization, discrete logarithm problems or a combination of both. Moreover, there are a few schemes proposed based on the identity-based cryptosystem. A normal multisignature scheme is called a multisignature with undistinguished signing authorities, as each group member has the same responsibility for signing the document. However, there are some situations when each member should have his/her own distinguished signing authority [4, 5, 7, and 15]. In this case, the multisignature scheme is called a multisignature scheme with distinguished signing authorities For constructing a multisignture scheme with distinguished signing authorities, Harn [4] proposed the first scheme come out with this characteristic. In this scheme, each member only has his/her distinguished signing responsible for his/her subdocument. The partial contents can be easily verified without revealing the whole message. However, Li et al. [9] claimed that Harns scheme is not secure against insider attack. Moreover, Hwang et al. [7] pointed out that, in the Harn scheme, no evidence could be used to distinguish the signing authorities; this is due to the fact that all individual signatures and multisignatures are produced on the same hash digest of all the partial subdocuments. In the same paper, Hwang et al. [7] proposed a scheme based on the Harn scheme. In the expose, they claimed that their scheme overcomes the weaknesses of the Harn scheme. However, this is increasing the cost of generating multisignature. Huang et al. [6] proposed two multisignatures with distinguish ed signing authorities for sequential and broadcasting architectures. One year later, Yoon et al. [15] showed that Huangs scheme is unsecure since an attacker can derive a users secret key and forge the multisignature of the scheme on arbitrary message. All of those schemes are based on the factorization or discrete logarithm problems or a combination of both. In 1998, Shamir [12] introduced the concept of an identity-based (ID-based) cryptosystem to simplify the key management problem. In general, the main idea of identity-based cryptosystem is that the public key of a user is inferred from his/her identity. Each user needs to register at a private key generator (PKG) by identifying his/herself before joining the network. Later, the PKG will generate a secret key for that signer which is related to his/her identity. The secret key is sent to the user via a secure channel. Shamir proposed an ID-based signature (IBS) scheme from RSA primitive [11]. The security of IBS was not proved or argued until Bellare et al. [1] proved that the IBS is secure against forgeability under chosen-message attack. In the literature, there is only one ID multisignature with distinguished signing authorities for sequential and broadcasting architectures based on the identity-based cryptosystem. Wu et al. [14] proposed two ID-based multisigntures with distinguished signing authorities, relying on the Wus [13] ID-based multisignature scheme, which however is shown to be unsecure [8]. Chien [3] showed that Wu et al. [14] two ID-based multisignatures have the security weakness by two attacks; insider attack and partial document substitution attack. More recently, Harn [5] proposed a new efficient ID-based RSA multisignature relying on IBS. Their scheme has constant signature length and verification time independent of the number of signers. They proved that their scheme is secure against multisignature collusion attack, adaptive chosen-ID attack and forgeability under chosen-message attack. In this paper, we propose an efficient ID-based multisignature with distinguished signing authorities based Harns multisignature [5]. We modify the Harns scheme to be suitable as a mutlisignature with distinguished signing authorities for broadcasting architecture. We use Wus mechanism of generating a multisignature with distinguished signing authorities only for broadcasting architecture. We suppose that the signing group U1, U2,†¦, Ul , to l the number of signers, want to generate the multisignature for the document D which can be divided to meaningful subdocuments d1, d2,†¦, dl . The member Uj is only responsible for signing partial subdocumentdj, forj=1,2,†¦,l. The rest of this paper organized as follows. In section 2, we review of Harns multisignature scheme. Section 3, we describe our proposed scheme. The security analysis of the proposed scheme is discussed in section 4. The paper is concluded in section 5. II. Review of Harns efficient identity-based RSA multisignature A. PKG keys The PKG picks two random large primes, p and q by run probabilistic polynomial algorithm Krsa, then calculates n=p.q, after that chooses a random public key e such that gcde,∅n=1 and computes the private key d=e-1 mod∅n. B. Multisignature generation 1) Signer secret key generation In this algorithm, the signer gets a copy of his secret key from the PKG through a two-step process: 1. A signer submits his identity to the PKG. 2. The PKG, with its private key d and the corresponding public key e, signs the message digest of the identity, denoted as ij, by generating a secret key gj, such that gj=ijdmod n. 2) Message signing To generate an identity-based multisignature, each signer carries out the followings steps: 1. Chooses a random integer rj and computes tj=rje mod n 2. Broadcasts tj to all the signers. 3. Upon receiving of tj, j=1,2,†¦,l, each signer computes t=j=1ltj mod n and sj=gj.rjh(t,D) mod n 4. Broadcasts sj to all the signers. 5. After receiving of sj, j=1,2,†¦,l the multisignature component s can be computed as s=j=1lsj mod n The multisignature for a document D is ÏÆ'=t,s. C. Multisignature verification To verify a multisignature ÏÆ'=t,s of a document D of signers whose identities are i1, i2, †¦, il one verifies the following: se=i1.i2†¦.il . th(t,D) mod n (1) If it holds, the identity-based multisignature is valid, otherwise it is invalid. III. Our proposed scheme Our proposed scheme as same is the same as Harns scheme in the model description which follows the model proposed in Micali et al. [10]. In our modification, there are two new players; a document issuer (DI) and a document collector (DC). The DI is responsible of dividing the document into l smaller subdocuments such that D=d1d2†¦dl and the DC is responsible of collecting the partial signature and issue the multisignature. A. PKG Keys The PKG picks two random large primes, p and q by run probabilistic polynomial algorithm Krsa, then calculates n=p.q, after that chooses a random public key e such that gcde,∅n=1 and computes the private key d=e-1 mod∅n. B. Extract Signer key generation Through this algorithm, a signer collects his private key by dealing with PKG in two steps: 1. A signer submits his identity to ij the PKG. 2. The PKG, with its private key d and the corresponding public key e, signs the message digest of the identity, denoted as ij, by generating a secret key gj, such tha gj=ijdmod n. C. Message signing To generate an identity-based multisignature with distinguishing signing authorities, each signer carries out the followings steps: 1. Chooses a random integer rj and computes tj=rjemod n 2. Broadcasts tj, htj, djto all the signers and DC. 3. Upon receiving of tj, j=1,2,†¦,l, each signer computes t=j=1ltjhtj, dj mod n H=h(t,D) And generats hisher partial signature sj=gj. rjH.h(tj,dj) mod n 4. Broadcasts sj to all the signers and DC. 5. DC verifies all partial signatures by holding the following : sje=ij . tjH.h(tj,dj) (2) 5. After that for all sj, j=1,2,†¦,l the multisignature component s can be computed as s=j=1lsj mod n The multisignature for a document D is ÏÆ'=t,s D. Multisignature verification To verify a multisignature ÏÆ'=t,s of a document D of signers whose identities are i1, i2, †¦, il one verifies the following: se=i1.i2†¦.il . tH mod n (3) If it holds, the identity-based multisignature is valid, otherwise it is invalid. E. Correctness s=j=1lsj= j=ilgj. rjH.h(tj,dj) mod n s=g1.g2†¦.gl .j=1lrjH.h(tj,dj) mod n se=g1e.g2e†¦..gle.j=1l. rjH.e.h(tj,dj) mod n se=g1e.g2e†¦..gle.[ j=1ltjhtj, dj ]Hmod n se=i1.i2†¦.in.tHmod n IV. Security Analysis Our proposed scheme is an efficient improvement on Herns multisignature (IBMS), which is suitable to meet the property of distinguishing signing authorities. Therefore, the proposed scheme construct based on Shamir identity based signature (IBS) scheme. Without lost generality, both scheme are proved secure based on RSA cryptosystem, refer to [5], [12]. Our proposed scheme inherits the security aspects from its root schemes; therefore, those aspects are still applicable and approvable to our scheme. Next, we will discuss some potential and essential attacks against our scheme. Attack 1. An existential forgery under adaptive chosen-message attack, which an adversary attempts to forge a multisignature or a partial signature for a chosen document or subdocument adaptively without knowing any private key. Essentially, the standard Shamir IBS scheme is secure against forgery under adaptive chosen-message attack, according to Berllare et al. [1]. Thus, it is easy to get the proposed scheme secure against this type of attack, due to both schemes having the same identical forms and assuming one-wayness of the underlying RSA crypotsystem. Attack 2. The adaptive chosen-ID attack, which an adversary (adversaries) tries to adaptively choose identity (identities) and forge private key from the PKG, therefore, it can forge a multisignature or partial signature. Harn et al. [5] introduced the concept of the adaptive chosen-ID attack and proved that their IBMS scheme is secure against this attack. Our scheme resembles Harns scheme, this result in our scheme also secure against adaptive chosen-ID attack. V. Conclusion We have proposed an efficient ID-based RSA multisignatures with distinguished signing authorities for broadcasting architecture based on Shamirs IBS scheme and Hern et al. IBMS scheme. The proposed scheme is secure against forgeability under adaptive chosen-message attack and adaptive chosen-identity attack.

Al Jazeera Broadcasting Company: PESTEL Analysis

Al Jazeera Broadcasting Company: PESTEL Analysis Executive Summary The objective of this report is to analyse the key external issues affecting Al Jazeera Broadcasting Network using the PESTEL Co. mnemonic. This analysis will consider the opportunities and threats facing Al Jazeera and its competitors in the broadcasting industry. Al Jazeera is generally regarded as a controversial TV network and has faced various forms of censorship in different countries. These censorships represent a significant threat to their desire to increase market share. Increasingly, viewers are demanding a more rounded coverage of news rather than a perceived ‘one side to the story’ served up by existing networks like BBC and CNN. Al Jazeera are seen as one of the main networks to provide this rounded coverage. Al Jazeera faces competition from new Arab network stations who are copying the former’s format. Since the launch of their English services, the Qatar based network is now in direct competition with the likes of BBC and CNN which brings challenges prevalent when competing against well established brands. Al Jazeera’s External Environment: PESTEL Analysis Although external forces are beyond its control, Al Jazeera can use proactivity to improve its position based on its understanding of this environment (Scholes, 2004). It enables Al Jazeera to be in a position to determine its position in the industry and subsequently identify and implement strategies and activities that will exploit the opportunities in the external environment and minimise the threats faced (Grant, 2004). The mnemonic, PESTEL Co., will be used to carry out an appraisal of the external factors affecting Al Jazeera. The mnemonic stands for the following: Political Economic Social Technological Ethical Legal Competition (P)olitical Al Jazeera is seen as a controversial TV network station. Consequently, it has had run-ins with many countries. A lot of these have resulted in censorship of some sort. The US and UK have been reported registering strong protests against the TV network’s perceived anti-US and anti-UK stance in reporting the 2003 invasion of Iraq. In Spain, in 2003, a reporter was arrested for allegedly providing support to Al Qaeda members (www.wikipedia.com). These controversies impacted negatively on Al Jazeera in terms of increasing its customer base. The more censorship and negative publicity that they attract, the less they are able to make inroads into the market share of their major competitors like CNN and BBC. This represents a significant threat. In 2004, allegations, though unsubstantiated, were made against the US, of a plot to deliberately target Al Jazeera headquarters in Doha (www.wikipedia.com). On the plus side, Al Jazeera is known for covering post-war issues. (E)conomic Al Jazeera survives on the funding provided by the Emir of Qatar and through advertising revenue. Al Jazeera’s main strategy is based on increasing market share instead of profits. ‘The Economist’ reiterated as such in its November 2006 edition, ‘influence more than profits are Al Jazeera’s driving force’. Due to increased globalisation and a general economic upturn in the world economy, i.e. low interest rates, higher levels of spending and investment, Al Jazeera are exposed to increased opportunities in terms of attracting more viewers. Viewers worldwide are better able to afford satellite TV stations in their households, therefore Al Jazeera is perfectly poised to exploit the opportunities presented. Through its web-based subscription-free service, the TV network also has an increased reach across the globe. (S)ocial This represents a significant opportunity to Al Jazeera. In Abram Sauer’s article ‘Al Jazeera Tough Enough’ (www.brandchannels.com), the writer intimated that the channel is seen as providing alternative views from the normal propaganda allegedly served up by mainstream stations. Recently, residents of countries like US and UK are registering their concerns and displeasure on what they perceive as misinformation and increased propaganda of the news presented by well-established international TV networks like CNN and BBC. The concern is based on the beliefs that these stations are sympathetic to their respective governments. Increasingly, Al Jazeera is seen as the alternative providing a more realistic and credible news and more important providing views from the ‘other side’ (i.e. views of Palestinians, Al Qaeda etc). This is translating itself into increased viewing figures for the Qatar based channel. In just over 10 years, Al Jazeera recently estim ated its worldwide audience at approximately 45 million with over 150000 US households included in that figure (www.aljazeera.com). (T)echnological Web based services in Arabic and English present the TV network with good opportunities to reach a wider audience. (E)thical In the western world, for example, the powers that be accuse Al Jazeera of promoting or supporting terrorist activities which worldwide is regarded as unethical. In the Middle East, the opposite view is held. Al Jazeera has cleverly constructed an image of itself as the station for the ‘underdog’. (L)egal In a nutshell, the obligation to provide fair and impartial news places a great duty of care on organisations such as Al Jazeera to be responsible in disseminating news. The threat here is failure to adhere to legal obligations can end in closure for the station. Competition Two Arab networks are eating into Al Jazeera’s share of the Arab market particularly in the Middle East, these are Al Arabiya and Al Hurra. Since launching their English based service, the TV network is now in direct competition with international broadcasting giants like BBC World and CNN International. Porters Five Analysis Porter’s Five Forces model will be used to analyse the competitive forces in the industry Al Jazeera operates in. Each will be looked at in turn and an assessment made on whether each of these forces present opportunities or threats to Al Jazeera. Bargaining power of suppliers The suppliers of Al Jazeera consist of providers of products and services to help Al Jazeera conduct its operations. These include suppliers of vehicles, equipment and hotel accommodation. There are also consultants and presenters who are lured to the station for big money, for example Sir David Frost. The bargaining power of suppliers can be considered low and therefore present opportunities to the TV network to attract the best. Bargaining power of buyers Increasingly, audiences are looking at alternative news coverage as their concern on alleged propaganda offered by mainstream TV news channels grows. This provides a fantastic opportunity for Al Jazeera, who are considered as the prime channel for more balanced views. In the TV news network industry, the power of the audience is very high. What is also high is the level of audience loyalty to established brands like CNN and BBC. The threat from such stations is clear as more of these diversify into programmes for ethnic minorities and other programmes presented by Al Jazeera. Barriers to entry This is high due to high capital and stringent legal requirements to be met. New entrants find it hard to compete with the TV broadcasting giants. This enables Al Jazeera to focus more on existing competition and worry less about new entrants. The main opportunity here is the strategies put in place to maintain or improve their competitiveness can be more effective than if a threat from new entrants was significant. Availability of substitutes Many people follow the news on the radio and online. However, TV is the preferred medium. Al Jazeera has increased its distribution channel by having their web based service. Therefore, the availability of substitutes is regarded as low and therefore the threat is not significant enough to worry Al Jazeera. However, complementary substitutes like other TV news channels, especially the Arabic ones will provide a significant threat once they become more established, in terms of eating into Al Jazeera’s core customer base. Extent of competitive rivalry Buyer power is high in the industry. The audience are demanding and getting greater choice of channels, thereby ensuring that broadcasting organisations place greater emphasis on the quality of their programme offerings. This poses a threat. The threat of new entrants is low as is the bargaining power of those who supply goods and services to TV network stations. Therefore, the threat from these two forces are low. The availability of substitutes provides a significant threat to Al Jazeera but the threat is well mitigated through the TV news network’s creation of a niche market for itself, i.e. one which provides a more balanced alternative view to the norm. Conclusion Significant threats and opportunities exist in the world of TV news. The threats for Al Jazeera mainly come from political, ethical and competitive forces while the opportunities are provided by social, high entry barriers and technological forces. Al Jazeera are able to mitigate threats through cleverly carving themselves a niche in the industry. They are able to exploit the opportunities as more people are demanding a more rounded view of what’s actually happening in the political news world, rather than being fed, what is widely being considered as propaganda news. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Begg, D et al 1997, ‘Economics’ 5th edition, McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead Buckle, M Thompson, J 1999, ‘The UK Financial System’, 2nd edition, Manchester University Press, Manchester Grant, R 2004, ‘Contemporary Strategic Analysis’ 5th edition, Blackwell Publishing, London Howells, P Bain, K 1998, ‘The Economics of Money, Banking and Finance’ Addison Wesley Longman, Essex Porter, M E 2004, ‘Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors’ New Edition, Free Press Scholes, K 2004, ‘Exploring Corporate Strategy, Text and Cases, FT Prentice Hall, London Internet/Practitioner Sources AJ Publishing, 1996, ‘About Aljazeera.com, viewed 20 March 2007, www.aljazeera.com/about.asp Answers.com, 2004, ‘Al Jazeera’, viewed 20th March 2007, www.answers.com British Broadcasting Corporation, 2005, ‘David Frost joins AlJazeera, viewed 20 March 2007, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4318284.stm CNN, 2002, ‘Al-Jazeera: Bin Laden Tape Praises Hijackers, viewed 20 March 2007, http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/09/09/binladen.tape/index.html El-Nawawy, M Iskandar, A, 2002, ‘The Minotaur of Contextual Objectivity: War Coverage and the Pursuit of accuracy with Appeal’, viewed 23 March 2007, www.tbsjournal.com/Archives/Fall02/Iskandar.htm Guardian Newspaper, November 2005, ‘Gagging for the Truth’ viewed 23 March 2007, www.guardian.co.uk/leaders/story/0,3604,1649144,00.html Lynch, M, 2005, ‘Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, al-Jazeera and Middle East Politics Today, Columbia University Press, viewed 23 March 2007, www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/catalog/data/023113/0231134487.HTM 13k Nisbet, E C, 2006, ‘Public diploma, television news and Muslim opinion’, viewed 20 March 2007, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 9(2), 11-37, http://islamperceptions.org/Arab%20Perception%20of%20the%20West.pdf Sauer, A 2003, ‘Aljazeera Tough Enough’, viewed 20 March 2007, www.brandchannel.com/features_profiles.asp? WIPO Arbitration and Media Centre, 2006, ‘Aljazeera Space Channel TV Station v AJ Publishing aka Aljazeera Publishing’, Case NO. D2005-0309, viewed 23 March, www.wipo.int/amc/en/dmains/decisions Zednik, R, 2002, ‘Perspectives on War: Inside Al Jazeera’ Columbian Journalism Review, viewed 23 March 2007, www.cjr/org/year/02/2/zednik.asp

Service Learning :: Teaching Education

Service Learning How did a departmental faculty generated 12,000 hours of student community service in one semester? The following is a qualitative analysis of conversations with faculty members in a department that recently instituted a service learning requirement for all student majors. The campus is a large urban comprehensive university with a multi-ethnic student body. Approximately fifteen faculty members were interviewed for this study. While most of those interviewed included service learning components in their courses, interviews with faculty members who resisted or refused to incorporate service learning were conducted as well in order to understand varying faculty attitudes towards service learning. BACKGROUND Following participation in an Engaged Department Institute sponsored by Campus Compact, a service-learning requirement was instituted for all majors in the department studied beginning Fall 2002. All faculty were encouraged to incorporate service-learning in their courses. A training session on service-learning was the centerpiece of a departmental retreat in January 2002. In order to develop closer relationships with community agencies, the department hosted a faculty-partnership luncheon the following fall semester. Potential community partners were invited to meet with faculty in an effort to forge new relationships with the University. In order to institutionalize service-learning, all recruitment advertisements specifically mention service-learning and all new hires are expected to include service-learning components in their courses. As a consequence of these efforts, this department has gone from teaching only a few courses with service-learning components to offering tw enty five different classes (thirteen courses) by Fall 2002. A number of facilitators helped this department achieve these accomplishments. Mini-grants available on campus funded the faculty-partnership luncheon. In addition, four faculty members were awarded mini-grants to develop service-learning components in their courses. Departmental leadership has been a very strong advocate for service-learning. Recognition from discipline enhanced the image of this department on campus when the discipline newsletter highlighted the advances in service-learning in the department. The Office of Community Service-learning was helpful in training and assisting faculty interested in developing service-learning components in their courses. The campus generally recognizes service-learning and provides awards for those involved in service-learning. Two such campus awards have been given to members of the department studied. Challenges have been encountered while implementing this requirement. For example, many faculty members do not live in the area and have no knowledge of the local community and its resources and thus have had difficulty developing community partnerships.

Nathan Hawthorne :: Literary Analysis, Young Goodman Brown

In Nathan Hawthorne’s short story, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† the plot is carried through each stage of Freytag’s Pyramid. I will be discussing the rising action, climax, falling action, and discovery and reversal. I will explain why each of these sections are important to the reader. The complications begin as Goodman Brown walks out the door. The tensions between Goodman Browns own self and his wife Faith begin the rising action of the story. The first complication is between Goodman Brown and Faith. Goodman Brown has an errand, which, he never discloses to Faith or the reader. She asks him not to go, because she feels that something is wrong, he insists that he must leave her. I believe this undisclosed errand is to raise suspense for the reader. The next complication is as Goodman Brown turns away to leave. He is hesitant and starts to question his own judgments. He justifies his actions by forecasting that after this errand he will never leave Faiths side. The road he walks toward brings more tension. â€Å"The dreary road, darkened by all the gloomiest trees of the forest, which barely stood aside to let the narrow path creep through, and closed immediately behind,†(325). The description of the road brings suspense to the reader. He said â€Å"There may be a devilish Indian behind every tree,† (326) then he spots a figure of a man. Goodman Brown nervously follows the old man as they talk and walk down the road. Goodman Brown notices the old man’s staff â€Å"which bore the likeness of a great black snake,† (326). The man rushes Goodman Brown down the trail. Goodman Brown eventually stops and said â€Å"It is my purpose now to return whence I came,† (327). The devilish old man persistence to continue down this long darken trail rises suspense. It makes the reader wonder, what is so important? Does Goodman Brown run away or keep going? This brings the third complication. In the forest Goodman Brown sees Goody Cloyse once his spiritual advisor and teacher. The devilish old man throws down his staff and she disappears. This make Goodman Brown believe that she is a witch. He also sees Deacon Gookin and the Minister in the ominous forest. This brings a burden to Goodman Brown that he can hardly stand. These are supposed to be the three purest of the townspeople. Yet, he sees them in a place â€Å"where no church have ever been gathered or solitary Christian prayed,† (329).

Mock Exam Constitutional Law B

Constitutional Law Exam (Practice) N. B. The questions in this exam are taken, in part, from the tutorial questions – but expanded. Question One: The Commonwealth government passes a tax act on coal which is 10% tax on the sale of coal. The act also deals with regulations on the way coal is mined in states. If a coal company heeds all the regulations the government will increase the amount of funding given to the States for all its projects. The tax will increase the price of coal sold interstate as the companies attempt to offset the tax increase. The act also provides provisions for new mining companies that set up in ‘country towns’ will pay only 7% of the tax – this is part of its decentralised sustainable planning policy. To encourage people to go and work in these country towns and to encourage other businesses also the act adjusts the income tax rate for people who work in the mines and live in the country. It also prescribes a reduction in HECS and education costs for miners with children who attend university/school. †¢Is there a head of power to support these laws? If yes, †¢Is the Act constitutionally valid? Issues for concern: Multi-characterisation: †¢S 51(20) – Corporations power – ‘trading corporation’ –Adamson’s activities test etc. †¢S 51(1) – Trade and Commerce. †¢S 51(2) – Taxation power. †¢S 51(39) – Incidental Power. Constitutional Limitations: †¢S 51(2) does it discriminate between States? – s51(2) – issue of non-coal mining tax compared to coal mining states – Tasmania v Queensland †¢Regulations – cleaner technology – more funding from federal government gives preference to mining States – Tasmania v Queensland – possible breach of s 99? The coal tax act must deal exclusively with tax anything else [regulations] shall have no effect: s 55. So notwithstanding s 99 breaches may have no effect through s 55 anyway. †¢Section 92 – in effect the laws impact on the ‘absolutely free’ intercourse of trade between states à ¢â‚¬â€œ increase in prices. †¢Section 117 – tax reduced to 7% or new business setting up in country towns; adjustment of income tax rates in for country towns – and educational benefits – discrimination between the residences of States. Question Two: The Federal Government makes a regulation in the immigration legislation in relation to that claiming refugee status. It states that the applications of those who come from Middle Eastern countries should not be processed for six months. The Government argues these rules are necessary because the situation in those countries is unsettled, and it is difficult for them to properly assess claims of persecution at this time. The new regulations also prevent the renewal of all working visas for Middle Eastern people, and require immediate deportation of people whose visas have expired. The new regulations also require that those of Islamic faith (from Middle-Eastern countries) must identify themselves with a patch sewn on their clothes and any mosque must be registered with the Australian Federal Police. The regulations prescribe that the accounting books of these mosques are audited every two months. There has been a great deal of protest over these new laws and so the government has also passed regulation that attempts to retard the more aggressive protestors by imposing mandatory prison sentences for those people cause grievous bodily harm to police officers in protesting, or cause damage to cars/buildings or other property. †¢Is there a head of power to support these laws? If yes, †¢Is the Act constitutionally valid? Issues for concern: Multi-characterisation: †¢S 51(19) – Alien power. †¢S 51(26) – Race. S 51(2) – Emigration or Immigration. †¢S 51(39) – Incidental Power. †¢S 51(6) – Defence Power (not an issue for the exam – but noteworthy). Constitutional Limitations: †¢Breach of freedom of religion s 116. †¢Implied freedom of political communication †¢Possibly an issue of Separation of Powers – Kable – (not an issue for the exam – but noteworthy). Question Three: The F ederal Government makes regulation to stimulate the economy and then begins issue handouts to business in the Eastern States, as well as Eastern State Governments. They argue that because Eastern States contribute the most to our economy their economies are more important coming out of a recession. †¢Is there a head of power to support these laws? If yes, †¢Is the Act constitutionally valid? Issues for concern: Multi-characterisation: †¢S 96 – Grants to the States. †¢S 81 – Appropriations – head of power for this section: †¢S 51(20) – Corporations power – ‘trading corporation’ –Adamson’s activities test etc. †¢S 51(1) – Trade and Commerce. S 51(39) – Incidental Power. Constitutional Limitations: †¢Section 99 – preference to States. †¢Section 117 – residence. Question Four: (Essay Question) Are rights in Australia sufficiently covered by the Constitution; even when rights have been provided for – right to trial by jury – they have been narrowly construed to circumvent their application? Should this happe n? Is a bill of Rights need in our constitutional regime? Are implied rights sufficient. Discuss – with reference to examples.

Muscle Cross Sectional Area Health And Social Care Essay

Strength has been documented to hold a positive relationship with the cross sectional breadth of the musculus ( Knuttgen, 1976 ) . Those jocks with the ability to bring forth a greater maximum voluntary contraction will hold advantages over rivals during featuring events associated with strength. The neuromuscular system of the human organic structure is by and large the most antiphonal to developing ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) . Muscle is really basic in the manner that it increases with size and strength when being exercised, but will diminish in size and strength when non being trained. When the musculus additions strength, it is normally accompanied by a addition in the size of the musculus, likewise, when a musculus loses strength, it loses musculus size ( Marieb et al, 1999 ) . Although musculus size does impact the strength of the musculus, nervous factors such as motor unit enlisting and the frequence of the stimulation of the motor units are besides of import to strength addition. When a musculus additions in size after long term opposition preparation it is known as chronic hypertrophy. This occurs when structural alterations within the musculus are made due to the addition in size of the bing musculus fibers. This fiber hypertrophy occurs due to an addition in sarcostyles and actin and myosin fibrils, which will let a greater sum of force to be produced due to the greater sum of cross-bridges available, ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) When opposition preparation, the bizarre constituent of preparation is of import in seeking to enable the maximal addition in the cross sectional country of each musculus fiber. It is good documented that greater hypertrophy can be gained from merely utilizing bizarre contractions, in comparing to concentric contraction preparation, or a combination of both homocentric and bizarre contraction preparation ( Higbie et al, 1996 ) . An bizarre contraction occurs when the opposition applied to the musculus exceeds the musculus force, hence intending the musculus would lengthen, while staying under tenseness ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) . The absorbing action of the manus uses isometric contractions of the forearm to bring forth the tight clasp. An isometric contraction is when a musculus generates a force despite the deficiency of noticeable prolongation of shortening of the musculus ( McArdle et al, 2001 ) . The articulations of the manus do non travel, nevertheless, the manus could bring forth sufficient force, so as to non drop the object. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the effects of the cross sectional country of the forearm, on the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus executing a absorbing action in male topics. Based on old research it was hypothesised that there will be a positive correlativity between the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus and the cross sectional country of the forearm in males. Method Thirty seven healthy, male voluntaries ( Aged 20 +/- 3years, Height 1.7meters +/- 0.2meters ) participated in a survey, all were pupils. First, all topics had their forearm cross sectional country recorded. This was done by mensurating the subjectaa‚ ¬a„?s largest country of the forearm utilizing a tape step. The perimeter of the forearm was so used to work out the radius, utilizing the equation C = 2Pi r. Once the radius of the forearm was recorded, this figure was so used to work out the cross-sectional country of the forearm utilizing the equation 2pi2. Each topic performed three, maximum voluntary contractions, gripping the digital ergometer utilizing their right manus, while their forearm would be perpendicular to their organic structure. When the topic felt they had reached their maximal contraction, they would allow travel of the ergometer. Forty-five seconds remainder was given to the topics between each test. Out of the three figures produced by the ergometer, the highest figure was recorded to be analysed ( see appendix 1 ) Data was analysed utilizing a goodness of fit value, and was tested for significance utilizing a studentaa‚ ¬a„?s t trial. Consequences The information shows a little positive correlativity between the cross sectional country of the forearm, and the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus ( R2 = 0.0334 ) . T-tests on the information gathered, concluded that the forearm cross sectional country did non hold a important impact on the MVC recording ( p=0.180 ) .Figure 1 illustrates the information collected.Figure 1. Exemplifying the relationship between forearm cross sectional country, and the maximum voluntary contraction during the hand-grip motionDiscussion The preset survey shows that although there was a little positive correlativity between strength and the cross sectional country for male topics, there was besides a considerable sum of incompatibility between persons. However, the informations gathered was non statistically important when analysed utilizing t-tests. Studies into the relationship between cross sectional country and the maximum voluntary contraction have produced contradictory consequences. Maughan et Al ( 1983 ) besides found that there was a positive correlativity between cross sectional country and the maximum voluntary contraction, but likewise to the present survey, there consequences showed a really high degree of variableness. In the present survey, there is an anomalousness, where one of the topics with the smallest transverse sectional country, was able to bring forth one of the highest maximum voluntary contractions, and likewise, how the largest cross sectional country measured, produced a comparatively wea k contraction in comparing. This could be explained by taking into consideration the single differences of the topics. When mensurating cross sectional country of the forearm, this was done merely by mensurating the perimeter of the widest portion of the forearm. This would therefore take into history any fat tissue environing the musculus, which would differ from each topic. As it is merely the skeletal musculus which is bring forthing the contraction which is being measured, the fatso tissue which has non been accounted for is impacting the information. Another consideration would be the single difference in the physique up of the musculus between the different topics. The musculuss of the human organic structure are composed of a varied ratio of the two chief types of musculus fibers, each holding different contractile features ( Brooke & A ; Kaiser, 1970 ) . Athletes that participate in endurance activity have been shown to hold predominately type I muscle fibers, in comparing to rush and strength jocks with tend to hold largely type II fibers ( Saltin et al 1977 ) . It has been documented that there is a positive correlativity between the strength of the musculus and the proportion of type II musculus fibers present within the on the job musculus, Tesch & A ; Karlsson ( 1978 ) . This would bespeak that the strength of the type II musculus fibers was greater than that of the Type I muscle fibre, and this would in bend reflect the maximum voluntary contraction that could be produced by each topic. This is supported by a study by Bu rke Edgerton ( 1975 ) , & A ; who agreed that musculuss with a higher proportion of type II musculus fibers could bring forth a greater isometric contraction than musculus with a composing of chiefly type I fibres. In footings of associating the consequences of the Tesch & A ; Karlsson survey to the present one, their survey had no comparing to the cross sectional country of the on the job musculus, and hence no comparing would be able to be drawn against the information in this survey. The motive of the topics to work at an absolute maximum degree may hold besides impacted upon the truth of the consequences. It was hypothesised that there will be a positive correlativity between the maximum voluntary contraction of the manus and the cross sectional country of the forearm in males. The survey found that although there was a little positive correlativity, the information was undistinguished, and could non be drawn upon to do a concluding decision. One decision drawn from this survey is that there was a considerable degree of discrepancy in the subjectsaa‚ ¬a„? maximum voluntary contraction, with some of the smaller cross sectional countries, bring forthing some of the highest voluntary contractions. This could be due to the manner in which we measured the forearm cross sectional country, taking into history fatty tissue, or could besides come down to the single difference in musculus fiber types, reflecting the ability of the musculus to bring forth a higher contraction than others. Word Count aa‚ ¬ † 1357 Appendix 1CapableAge ( Old ages )Height ( centimeter )Computer Dynamometer: MVC ( millivolt )Forearm cross sectional country ( cm2 )1 20 182 11.32 71.3 2 22 174 10.697 62.4 3 20 163 11 27 4 20 187 16.7 30.5 5 20 177 13.2 63.8 6 19 177 13.5 64.7 7 19 186 14.7 55.91 8 20 179 14.5 69.29 9 19 166 12.5 48.17 10 20 174 15.6 40.69 11 23 179 14.649 62.4 12 18 185 8.83 53.818 13 18 176.5 14.105 67.42 14 19 176 11.34 62.44 15 19 186 15.263 66.92 16 20 186 13.36 76.57 17 19 175 9.536 63.585 18 19 176 17.95 67.02 19 20 176 14.8 81.67 20 19 186 12.911 58 21 19 178 14.181 62.5 22 18 176 16.81 67.02 23 19 176 11.2 62.44 24 19 176 13 62.44 25 19 187 12.1 86.7 26 19 186.5 17.775 68.7 27 19 180 16.05 86.35 28 19 170 15.562 55.38 29 19 173 12.432 49.73 30 19 176 13.468 53.818 31 19 167 12.576 57.38 32 21 177 10.864 49.74 33 18 180 11.97 49.74 34 19 178 10.57 55.91 35 19 175 11.3 54 36 18 181 14.6 62.31 37 19 178 12.8 49.7 Mean 19.32432 177.8648649 13.34376 60.20165 South dakota 1.028863 5.859048852 2.231944 12.69697 Minute 18 163 8.83 27 Soap 23 187 17.95 86.7