The American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller

The struggle for financial security and success has always been prominent in the American culture. The idea of the American dream captures the hearts of so many, yet leaves almost all of them enslaved in the endless economic struggle to achieve high status, wealth, and a house with a white picket fence. In Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman, we see how difficult it is for Willy Loman and his sons to achieve this so called American dream. In Lorraine Hansberrys, A Raisin in the Sun, she examines an African-American familys struggle to break out of the poverty that is preventing them from achieving some sort of financial stability, or in other words the American dream. Both plays explore the desire for wealth, driving forces that†¦show more content†¦I drive a man around in his limousine and I say, yes, sir; no, sir; very good, sir; shall I take the Drive, sir? Mama, that ain’t no kind of job†¦that ain’t nothing at all (Hansberry pg.73).† When conside ring Willy’s circumstance, he insists that he is crucial to the company he works for, â€Å"if old man Wagner was alive I’d a been in charge of New York now (Miller pg. 4)† and that he should be a leader by now rather than simply being an employee. These quotes exemplify the idea that believing you deserve better than you currently have is a powerful force that encourages the struggle for the American dream. A final major similarity between the two plays is the fact that both of the men face prejudice for things that they cannot control. For Walter, a prejudice exists because of his skin color. He dreams of having the same opportunities as the white men and in this quote he expresses that to his mother â€Å"Mama – sometimes when I’m downtown, I pass them cool-quiet-looking restaurants where them white boys are sitting back and talking ‘bout things†¦sitting there turning deals worth millions of dollars (Hansberry pg. 74).† Death o f a Salesman only features white characters, however, a different type of prejudice is shown in the play. Because Willy is much older now, he doesn’t feel like he possess the energy or the capacity to continue making long trips. When this conclusion leads Willy to be fired, he pleads with Howard saying, You cant eat theShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1127 Words   |  5 PagesMany people dream of the American dream. To have a big house, two kids and a picket fence. In Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman every character uses lies and deceit as a way to escape reality. With this said, it is only Biff’s character that is dynamic, realizing the error of his ways. Constantly, each character escapes their problems with deceit. Even Biff remains in this state of falsehood, until he reaches his epiphany. The main character Willy Loman, is constantly fooling himself intoRead MoreThe Dysfunctional American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dysfunctional American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller In the American society, it is thought that if you work hard, no matter what circumstances, you can become rich and powerful. You can overcome deep poverty to become the richest man alive. This superhuman absurdity is what is referred to as the American Dream. Day after day, Americans struggle to achieve fame and prosperity, only to find failure and heartbreak. The American Dream in todays society is dead and isRead More Achieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1189 Words   |  5 PagesAchieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Willy Loman is a man on a mission. His purpose in life is to achieve a false sense of the American Dream, but is this what Willy Loman really wants? In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller analyzes the American Dream by portraying to us a few days in the life of a washed up salesman named Willy Loman. The American Dream is a definite goal of many people, meaning something different to everyone. Willys version is different fromRead More The Collapse of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller,2034 Words   |  9 Pagesinvolves the American Dream, generally speaking. Some people think this dream is something automatically granted; or in contrast, as in the story â€Å"Death of a Salesman† written by Arthur Miller, as something that has to be achieved in order to be successful in life. The play takes issues with those in America who place to much stress on material gain, instead of more admirable values. American society is exemplified with Miller’s work a nd demonstrates how a dream could turn into a nightmare. Arthur Miller’sRead More The American Dream in Death Of A Salesman, by Arthur Miller Essay975 Words   |  4 Pages Success: Accomplishing Your Dream Completing the American Dream is a controversial issue. The American Dream can be defined as having a nice car, maybe two or three of them, having a beautiful, healthy family, making an impact on the world, or even just having extra spending money when the bills are paid. In the play Death Of A Salesman, by Arthur Miller, the American Dream deals with prosperity, status, and being immortalized. Willy Loman, a hard worker aged to his sixties neverRead MoreThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald In a majority of literature written in the 20th century, the theme of the American Dream has been a prevalent theme. This dream affects the plot and characters of many novels, and in some books, the intent of the author is to illustrate the reality of the American Dream. However, there is no one definition of the American Dream. Is it the right to pursue your hearts wish,Read MoreArthur Miller Criticism913 Words   |  4 Pages Arthur Miller is a highly distinguished author. He is considered by many to be one of Americas greatest writers. As distinguished a writer he is, Miller deserves to be selected for a spot in the prestigious American Author Hall of Fame. His works meet the criteria for the American Authors Hall of Fame since they have themes important to society, are unique, and have universal appeal. Arthur Millers works meet the American Author Hall of Fames first criteria by dealing with themes highly importantRead MoreA Detailed Analysis of Death of a Salesman1199 Words   |  5 PagesLook at Death of a Salesman Death of a Salesman has been accepted worldwide as one of the greatest American dramas to premier in theatre. The story behind the play is based on Miller’s interactions with his Uncle, a salesman whose efforts to obtain the â€Å"American Dream† and pass his success on to his two sons becomes his main focus. Miller’s life during the preparation of Death of a Salesman provides the spark and inspiration needed to pen a literary classic. Almost five decades later, Death of a Salesman’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman 1136 Words   |  5 PagesGarett Miller Mr. James Mahle THE2000 2 August 2, 2016 Arthur Miller’s Impact Arthur Miller was born in 1915, and he died in 2005. He is possibly the most well-known and influential American playwright. He grew up during the Great Depression, so many of his plays deal with the American middleclass lifestyle. His two most influential works are Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. Death of a Salesman is about the tragic white collar worker, Willy Loman, while The Crucible is about the Salem witchRead MoreWilly Loman And The American Dream Analysis1075 Words   |  5 PagesPursuit of Happiness in the American Dream In Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, Willy Lomans pursuit of the American Dream is characterized by his selfishness, demonstrating how the American Dream can subtly turn into the American Nightmare. However, Willy’s role is quite important because he often led to failure through the creation of the American Dream and the real world. To fully understand the storyline of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman, one must evaluate each member of the The American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Many people dream of the American dream. To have a big house, two kids and a picket fence. In Arthur Miller’s play Death of a Salesman every character uses lies and deceit as a way to escape reality. With this said, it is only Biff’s character that is dynamic, realizing the error of his ways. Constantly, each character escapes their problems with deceit. Even Biff remains in this state of falsehood, until he reaches his epiphany. The main character Willy Loman, is constantly fooling himself into believing that he is a huge success. He often lies to his family about how well he is doing, when truthfully his salary was taken away, and he has to borrow money from his neighbor, Charlie. When Linda asks him about his wages, he replies â€Å"I’ll†¦show more content†¦His negligence and static personality contribute to the death of his father. Instead of dealing with problems, he likes to run from them. He is in the false idea that he can get away with anything he wants, just by lying. He sent his father to Florida, because he was acting â€Å"too crazy† for him, and he was embarrassed. (Miller 21) Happy is so fake, that he doesn’t even realize it. â€Å"Everyone around me is so false; I’m constantly lowering my morals.†(Miller 23) This is ironic, because Happy is the one who is licentious and has no morals. He tells himself anything, as if to fool himself to get by. Eve n after his father’s death, it changed nothing. He’s still going to stay in the business field and â€Å"beat this city.† His idea of creating the Loman Brothers sporting good company is completely far-fetched. He is the assistant to the assistant buyer, and he believes that he has the skill, success and prowess to attain this goal, which he has none. â€Å"Happy lives in Biff’s shadow but he has adopted Willy’s value system. Willy is unequal with his sons as he tends to praise Biff and to ignore Happy. Sharing Willy’s capacity for self-delusion, Happy wants to emulate his father in order to get attention.† (Younkins) The entire family is deceived by Happy’s lies, and he clouds the reality, and does not allow the family to address the problems directly and efficiently. We can see that Happy lives in a dream world, because he does not recognize the severity of hisShow MoreRelatedThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthu r Miller1598 Words   |  7 Pagesalways been prominent in the American culture. The idea of the American dream captures the hearts of so many, yet leaves almost all of them enslaved in the endless economic struggle to achieve high status, wealth, and a house with a white picket fence. In Arthur Millers, Death of a Salesman, we see how difficult it is for Willy Loman and his sons to achieve this so called American dream. In Lorraine Hansberrys, A Raisin in the Sun, she examines an African-American familys struggle to break outRead MoreThe Dysfunctional American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dysfunctional American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller In the American society, it is thought that if you work hard, no matter what circumstances, you can become rich and powerful. You can overcome deep poverty to become the richest man alive. This superhuman absurdity is what is referred to as the American Dream. Day after day, Americans struggle to achieve fame and prosperity, only to find failure and heartbreak. The American Dream in todays society is dead and isRead More Achieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller1189 Words   |  5 PagesAchieving the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller Willy Loman is a man on a mission. His purpose in life is to achieve a false sense of the American Dream, but is this what Willy Loman really wants? In Death of a Salesman, Arthur Miller analyzes the American Dream by portraying to us a few days in the life of a washed up salesman named Willy Loman. The American Dream is a definite goal of many people, meaning something different to everyone. Willys version is different fromRead More The Collapse of the American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller,2034 Words   |  9 Pagesinvolves the American Dream, generally speaking. Some people think this dream is something automatically granted; or in contrast, as in the story â€Å"Death of a Salesman† written by Arthur Miller, as something that has to be achieved in order to be successful in life. The play takes issues with those in America who place to much stress on material gain, instead of more admirable values. American society is exemplified with Miller’s work a nd demonstrates how a dream could turn into a nightmare. Arthur Miller’sRead More The American Dream in Death Of A Salesman, by Arthur Miller Essay975 Words   |  4 Pages Success: Accomplishing Your Dream Completing the American Dream is a controversial issue. The American Dream can be defined as having a nice car, maybe two or three of them, having a beautiful, healthy family, making an impact on the world, or even just having extra spending money when the bills are paid. In the play Death Of A Salesman, by Arthur Miller, the American Dream deals with prosperity, status, and being immortalized. Willy Loman, a hard worker aged to his sixties neverRead MoreThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream in Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller, and The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald In a majority of literature written in the 20th century, the theme of the American Dream has been a prevalent theme. This dream affects the plot and characters of many novels, and in some books, the intent of the author is to illustrate the reality of the American Dream. However, there is no one definition of the American Dream. Is it the right to pursue your hearts wish,Read MoreArthur Miller Criticism913 Words   |  4 Pages Arthur Miller is a highly distinguished author. He is considered by many to be one of Americas greatest writers. As distinguished a writer he is, Miller deserves to be selected for a spot in the prestigious American Author Hall of Fame. His works meet the criteria for the American Authors Hall of Fame since they have themes important to society, are unique, and have universal appeal. Arthur Millers works meet the American Author Hall of Fames first criteria by dealing with themes highly importantRead MoreA Detailed Analysis of Death of a Salesman1199 Words   |  5 PagesLook at Death of a Salesman Death of a Salesman has been accepted worldwide as one of the greatest American dramas to premier in theatre. The story behind the play is based on Miller’s interactions with his Uncle, a salesman whose efforts to obtain the â€Å"American Dream† and pass his success on to his two sons becomes his main focus. Miller’s life during the preparation of Death of a Salesman provides the spark and inspiration needed to pen a literary classic. Almost five decades later, Death of a Salesman’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s Death Of A Salesman 1136 Words   |  5 PagesGarett Miller Mr. James Mahle THE2000 2 August 2, 2016 Arthur Miller’s Impact Arthur Miller was born in 1915, and he died in 2005. He is possibly the most well-known and influential American playwright. He grew up during the Great Depression, so many of his plays deal with the American middleclass lifestyle. His two most influential works are Death of a Salesman and The Crucible. Death of a Salesman is about the tragic white collar worker, Willy Loman, while The Crucible is about the Salem witchRead MoreWilly Loman And The American Dream Analysis1075 Words   |  5 PagesPursuit of Happiness in the American Dream In Arthur Miller’s play, Death of a Salesman, Willy Lomans pursuit of the American Dream is characterized by his selfishness, demonstrating how the American Dream can subtly turn into the American Nightmare. However, Willy’s role is quite important because he often led to failure through the creation of the American Dream and the real world. To fully understand the storyline of Willy Loman in Death of a Salesman, one must evaluate each member of the

The Theory Of Development, And Behavior Therapy - 2773 Words

Thus far in graduate school, I have found three theories to be the most influential for me in developing my very own personal counseling style. These three theories are: Rogerian s person-centered approach, Erikson s theory of Development, and Behavior Therapy. At this point in time, I do not have an approach or theory that I favor over the other two. I believe all three of these will be equally successful in helping me provide competent and successful counseling in the future. I chose these three theories because I believe they will all be very helpful when working with children. I am concentrating on mental health counseling for children and adolescents so these three will all come in handy. Children communicate differently than adults so it is important to use approaches with children that will help them with their communicating styles so I can be more effective as a counselor with these age group. Children are not for everyone especially the younger ones because they can b e more difficult, but I believe with the few years I have put into Elementary Education, I can also use that knowledge to communicate and learn from this group. They cannot just talk to you about their problems like most adults can so instead of sitting them on a couch and waiting for them to be ready to open up, I believe it is important to look at their play. A child s play will tell counselors everything they need to know about this client. We can learn about any abuse, disorders,Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Development, And Behavior Therapy3908 Words   |  16 Pageshave found three theories to be the most influential for me in developing my very own personal counseling style. These three theories are: Rogerian s person-centered approach, Erikson s theory of Development, and Behavior Therapy. At this point in time, I do not have an approach or theory that I favor over the other two. I believe all three of these will be equally successful in helping me provide competent a nd successful counseling in the future. I chose these three theories because I believeRead MoreIs Relational Frame Theory?1730 Words   |  7 Pagesso many theories on how we should live our lives, battle disorders of all kinds, and how to fix or solve those disorders. The specific theory that we will be taking a look on is Acceptance and Commitment Therapy or more commonly known in the psychology world as ACT. Like most other theories that take from other theories in its format, this one is no different. Steven C. Hayes is considered and recognized by the psychological community to be the founder of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. StevenRead MoreWhat Is Clinical Psychology?1416 Words   |  6 Pagesis Clinical Psychology? It is the branch of psychology that emphasizes on the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior, and psychiatric problems of a person. In this field, you get to correlate with complex human problems. Dealing with mental illness can specif y even to psychological disorders, which are a â€Å"harmful dysfunction† in which behavior is judged to be: atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable (Fahoum, 2017). Psychological disorders can be broken down intoRead MoreCounseling Theories and Use in School Setting1717 Words   |  7 PagesCounseling Theories and Their Application in Schools Counseling in schools is more than scheduling students and career planning. Counseling in schools also includes counseling a diverse population with a variety of problems. Understanding counseling theories will help school counselors to effectively help the special populations on their campus. This paper will explore the key concepts, therapeutic process and applications of Adlerian Theory, Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Solution Focused BriefRead MorePsychodynamic Theories And Theories Of The Psychodynamic Theory Essay1702 Words   |  7 Pagespsychodynamic theory in depth as well as its presentation in real life as presented by Sigmund Freud. It presents an analysis of the theory in terms of its historical developments and perspectives as well as the ideas of its main supporters. Further, the paper also attempts to bring to light the hidden and unambiguous assumptions made by the theory concerning individuals, groups, families, systems and communities. Additionally, It will at tempt to highlight the relationship that exists between the theory andRead MoreAlbert Banduras Theory Of Social Learning Theory1461 Words   |  6 PagesBandura is considered the developer of social learning theory, which is also known as social cognitive theory (Corey, 2013; Feist et al., 2013; Thoma et al., 2015). Badura’s theory, while based upon the principles of behaviorism, departs from the traditional behavioral model and leaves room for the exploration of unobservable mental states and their influence on behavior (Corey, 2013; Thoma et al., 2015). Social Cognitive theory bases its theory of learning on two types of learning processes: observationalRead MoreThe Support Influence On Development Of Insufficient Parental Care1733 Words   |  7 Pages History and Development It was in 1951 that John Bowlby began to write about the opposing influence on development of insufficient parental care and called attention to the acute distress of young children separated from their primary caregivers. (Barth, 2005) The quality of early attachment relationships is correlated with future personality and brain development. â€Å"The Attachment Theory is a foundation theory, developed by Bowlby. It focusses on the form, quality, and strengths of human attachmentsRead MoreHumanistic Psychology Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesthe areas of client-centered therapy, education of student-centered learning, organizations, and other group settings. Even though psychoanalysis and behaviorism have made major contributions to psychology, it has influenced the understanding and practices of the humanistic movement, specifically with the therapies for the different mental disorders. Psychoanalysis understands the unconscious behavior, behaviorism focuses on the conditioning pr ocess that produces behavior. Humanistic psychology focusesRead MoreMy Personal Theory Of Counseling Essay996 Words   |  4 PagesBeliefs are components that play a role in an individual’s self-identity. The establishment of these components shape human nature, behavior, and the development of an individual’s purpose. The basis of these fundamentals has contributed to my desire to become a counselor. This paper will discuss my views of human nature, factors of behavior changes, goals of therapy, the roles of a therapist, and the counseling approaches that I chose to incorporate in a practice. The understanding of human natureRead MoreFamily and Multigenerational Family Therapy860 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Therapy and Multigenerational Family Therapy Family Therapy and Multigenerational Family Therapy The idea of working with a family as a unit versus individuals was innovative and throughout the years became a significant enhancement to family system therapy. In 1960 Structural Family Therapy was founded and developed by Salvador Minuchin whose main focus was based on the interactional patterns and sequences within the family. He was able to alter the behaviors of the family alleviating

Law in political science Essay Example For Students

Law in political science Essay The law, then, is a language that lawyers and judges use when they try to prevent or resolve problems-human conflicts- using official rules made by the state as their starting point (Carter, 6). Viewing individual autobiographies over a sweep of time reveals the variety of ways in which rights can become active or remain inactive (Engel, 13). Reason in Law and Rights, Remembrance and the Reconciliation of Difference both examine the way that law affects daily life. They have a wide range of situations in which they have examined law and to some extent have both reached the same conclusions when it comes to the issue of law being uncertain and ambiguous. Furthermore, they have come to some opposing conclusions because of the groups of people each book or article focuses on. These include the approaches of law and life and officials and receptors. Law is an interpretation, a creation of strategy. Carter and Burke explain in their book the uncertainty and ambiguity that are associated with law. They explain that words create ambiguity and since the law is made up of words it therefore, is ambiguous. The entire book Reason in Law focuses on very few people; mainly on judges and court opinions. There is a focus on legal reasoning, a process by which judges make justifications for their decisions. Legal reasoning fosters a sense of justice. It helps us to understand how a judge came to a specific decision. Since this is done by the judge in writing it helps us to understand the laws even if we dont agree with them. Another function of legal reasoning is that the information becomes a source of communication in the broader political community. Legal reasoning gives a common ground for people to argue and either come together or apart. Without legal reasoning the people cant tell if a judge is impartial. Legal reasoning helps us to understand the way that a judge interpreted the vagueness of words in constitutional law. The effects that law has on people outside of the courts is the position that Engel and Munger take in trying to explain where law gets meaning and fits into our daily lives. Rights, Remembrance, and the Reconciliation of Difference focuses on how law is intertwined into our daily lives. Engel and Munger want to know if the law does what it is supposed to do. An emphasis is placed on the life story in order to move away from the analytical center from which we try to see things from. They dont want to explain how something should affect your life but rather they want to examine the direct impacts. Engel and Munger want to learn how receptors react to laws made by judges. Law is full of uncertain choice and is seldom definitive. This is a common theme in Carter and Burke and Engel and Munger. Carter and Burke describe how judges make decisions when two competing equal values have a problem. Engel and Munger discuss how Sara Lanes life is full of uncertainty. When she tries to establish herself as similar she is emphasizing her differences due to the means that she needs to feel similar. Sara is constantly having to think about what is going to come next. In Saras life it seems as though there is always a positive side and a negative side. With a judges decision someone is always going to feel like they have the negative side of the situation. Sara is constantly giving reason for her actions but they arent in the same legal capacity as a judge. Both sets of authors also see the law in reference to structured improvisation. They both refer to it in the sense that we do what is best for ourselves but that what we have to choose from is structured. .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f , .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .postImageUrl , .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f , .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f:hover , .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f:visited , .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f:active { border:0!important; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f:active , .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03f6bf76c6232339e09eceaafba51d1f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: WWII (794 words) Essay For example, Sara Lane improvises a lot of the activities in her life but she is structured by her family and her work life. Carter and Burke and Engel and Munger seem to agree when it comes to uncertainty and structured improvisation but when it comes to law and life and explanations of law they have results. To begin with, Carter .

Unit of Study

Description and Rationale of the for the Topic Multicultural thinking and learning explore and justify cultural diversity among the learners. This kind of thinking ensures that the learners’ cultural backgrounds are valued and accorded the necessary respect in the classroom. Often, multicultural learning involves integrating the people who fall under the different class, age, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, capability, religion, race, and other forms of identities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Unit of Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, the learning is justified for its effectiveness in incorporating the different cultural affiliations of the people in the classroom. Once the tutor understands that the cultural background does not act as a barrier to the student’s development, it would be very appropriate for him/her to incorporate the ideals of various groups of peop le. The Multicultural Model Used There are various multicultural models that the tutor may effectively apply in the classroom. For example, cultural hospitality, uniting culture and full multicultural are the models applicable in this study (Francis, 2000). Although they do not have significant variations, the models are applied differently depending on the cultural mixes, which are present in the classroom. The â€Å"cultural hospitality† is a model that promotes generosity among the diverse cultural groupings, which might find its way in the classroom (Francis, 2000). In this case, the spirit of accommodation is very important for the success of the classroom activities. Due to the accommodative nature of the model, it brings harmony in the classroom as no particular group would feel disadvantaged. The â€Å"uniting cultural† is the model that underscores the importance of integrating the diverse culture in a single classroom (Francis, 2000). Although the proponents of this model understands that achieving unity among the people professing different cultures is not easy, the tutor can play an active part in forging this unity front. This might help the tutor reduce the cases of cultural conflicts that might arise in the learning environment. The â€Å"full multicultural† is also a model that tries to overcome the weaknesses of the other to techniques. In this model, all the people regardless of the social class, age, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, capability, religion, race, and other forms of identities, are brought together under a single zeal (Francis, 2000). As a result, this model requires sensitivity and flexibility to be practical.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Educational Setting In terms of the educational setting, the learners are a collection of people of different age levels and socio-cultural backgroun d, thus need careful treatment while in the classroom with other colleagues. In fact, some of the students might feel dishonored if their plights do not reach the tutor or if the teacher does not address their concerns even after receiving them. In this regard, the students who have similar thoughts may perceive the tutor as discriminative, thus might not be free to engage in classroom activities. Time Required to Implement Articulating and integrating multicultural thinking and learning in the classroom requires a lot of time to implement depending on the complexity of the issues in place. Definitely, highly multifaceted issues such as the cultural norms and traditional languages cannot be easily are integrated with the others, while at the same time; the people with such distinct values should co-exist with one another. In this case, the time needed to implement the complex attributes of the people differs significantly. Goals and Objectives In the classroom, the goals and objecti ves of multicultural thinking and learning is to enhance the students’ capability in areas including the following. Knowledge: to enhance the students’ understanding about the meaning and other factual information about issues relating to the people’s multicultural thinking and teaching (Ford, 2000). This is important since the students would be able to propose workable social actions, which enhance cultural integration among the people. For instance, they would be expected understand the acquisition of knowledge about cultural differences and make the people appreciate diversity and learn to integrate them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Unit of Study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Comprehension: the objective here is to increase the students’ ability to justify the issues that enhance cultural understanding and learning such as the media (Ford, 2000). They are also infor med of the social actions to be taken so that the media could portray the social differentiations in a manner that does not discriminate a cultural practice of the people, including those of the minority. Application: the objective here is to teach the students how to relate the cultural issues based on their understanding on the people’s diversity (Ford, 2000). For instance, the students might be expected to review the affirmative actions, which have been taken to reduce the affects of cultural diversity. Learning Activities and Material/Media In learning, a number of activities are conducted using different materials. For example, there is an actual teaching in the classroom that the tutor conducts. This can either be interactive or directed. The other activity is the learning. This is the activity of the students, with close assistance from the tutor. Learning is a process or activity that is really involving the stakeholders. Examining the learners to ascertain their unde rstanding and progress is another activity that the tutors should uphold. The materials, which facilitate learning, include projectors, computers and other electronic media. The materials could be used in transmitting the information. Instructional Activities to be used The instructional activity to be employed in teaching multicultural thinking also varies according to the specific cultural attributes of the people. Some of the instructional activities used in teaching in a multicultural setup include questioning, role playing, cooperative learning, exposure, group discussions, and active involvement among others. These activities might have some relationship, but it is important for the tutor to make sure that the students are allowed to freely exercise them. Questioning enables the students to attract the attention of their colleagues, especially on their thoughts about cultural variations in the classroom. Therefore, this activity must be interactive and approached in a manner t hat satisfies the person raising the question and the respondent without compulsion.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Role playing is another instructional activity that gives the participants the freedom to participate in the discussion in his/her capacity. Similarly, cooperative learning involves the integration of various students with different cultural attributes so that they learn from one another. Exposure is another significant learning activity because it increases chances of the learners to understand and appreciate different cultures and languages in the classroom. Group discussion is another learning activity that increases interaction among its members who have diverse knowledge on different cultural attributes. This is important in sharing of opinion about the cultural issues in question in trying to create harmony between divergent cultures. Finally, active involvement is significant in increasing individual participation in the classroom activities. The Framework for Enhancing Diversity Since the students’ diversity characterizes the classroom, the tutor should use relevant a nd specific framework for enhancing diversity. Here, the most reliable framework is to accept and integrate the different players within the classroom so that they embrace each other regardless of cultural affiliation. This framework is important because it is through acceptance of diversity that the students embrace one another despite the differences. Notably, integrating the different cultures is one way of enhancing diversity and promoting mutual understanding among the students. Teaching Strategies In order to address the student differences and enhance their engagement in the classroom activities, the tutor could apply the following interactive teaching strategies. First, the tutor would introduce group discussion. Through the use of this strategy, the students will be classified into different groups, which portray the cultural diversity. The students would use the groups to discuss the various facets of culture present in the group so that the members could gain a clear unde rstanding of the practices and their significance. The other strategy would be to engage the students in interactive exchange within the classroom to discuss the attributes of diversity in the learning environment. In this strategy, the students would be expected to ask their colleagues questions about the cultural practices they embrace and how important the norm is to the people in those regions. Since the strategy is interactive, the participants would get elaborate information about the subject and boost their knowledge. Expected Student Outcomes The learners will be equipped with the necessary knowledge, thereafter expected to apply the specific issues pertaining to multicultural thinking and learning. This is also important because understanding the relevant aspects of the cultural attributes and their application in daily life and community development. In addition, after the students are informed of the various social events and measures to be taken in addressing the cultura l differences, they would be expected integrate and exercise acceptance among them in order to reduce social disparities. The students are also expected to embrace multicultural hospitality. Indeed, this should be conducted in a manner that does not single out the cultural practices of the people, including those of the marginal zones. Assessment for Measuring Student Outcomes In measuring the student outcomes, the tutor would ask the students to demonstrate their knowledge about the different aspects the people’s culture. The question might be in form of research or timed in order to help the tutor assess the student understanding of the facts covered. The manner in which the student expresses his or her opinion and the views that were raised in the group discussion will demonstrate his/her understanding and capability. Techniques for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Curriculum The CIPP model examines the curriculum variables such as its context, for instance, things to b e done, and their relevance and effectiveness in delivering the outcome. Also, the input that the curriculum has in learning, for instance, the manner in which the program helps utilize the resources is also evaluated to ascertain whether it commensurate with the learning objective (Cavanaugh, 2011). The process of articulating the issues that the curriculum raises is also an important during the evaluation. Finally, the outcome or product of the curriculum must be evaluated, in terms of the students’ ability to apply the knowledge that they acquire. This determines whether the curriculum succeeds or fails to deliver. The Stake Countenance model postulates that evaluating the curriculum proceeds in three steps. First is the antecedent phase that examines the period before the instructions are given and its relations to the outcome (Cavanaugh, 2011). Second is the transaction phase that includes instructions of the curriculum (Cavanaugh, 2011). Finally, the outcome phase exami nes the curriculum’s success (Cavanaugh, 2011). The Eisner’s Connoisseurship model examines the complexity of the learning environment to determine the curriculum success. The model utilizes experience and skills to evaluate the success (Cavanaugh, 2011). Lesson Plans for at least Five Lessons Lesson 1: Meaning of Multicultural Thinking and Learning The tutor has to introduce the students to the meaning of multicultural thinking and learning. This forms the first lesson for the course, thus must be very explicit to make sure that the students have a fair and detailed understanding of the concept multicultural. Since multicultural learning fall under social education, the tutor would use a social action approach in teaching the lessons. Therefore, the plan for this lesson proceeds in six steps as mentioned and discussed below. Each step is aimed at achieving a particular learning objective as presented in each case. Knowledge: in this case, the students are taught the m eaning and other factual information about issues relating to the people’s multicultural thinking and teaching (Ford, 2000). This is important since the students would be able to propose workable social actions, which enhance cultural integration among the people. For instance, they would be expected understand the acquisition of knowledge about cultural differences and make the people appreciate diversity and learn to integrate them. Comprehension: in this case, the students are introduced to individual justifications of the things enhancing cultural understanding and learning such as the media (Ford, 2000). They are also informed of the social actions to be taken so that the media could portray the social differentiations in a manner that does not discriminate a cultural practice of the people, including those of the minority. Application: here, the students are taught and asked to apply the cultural issues based on their understanding on the people’s diversity (Ford , 2000). For instance, the students might be expected to review the affirmative actions, which have been taken to reduce the affects of cultural diversity. Analysis: in this case, the students would be expected to analyze various cultural practices and their affects on other people within a particular social circumstance, or compare them on different contexts (Ford, 2000). For example, the students might be asked to analyze the variations of cultural practices in different countries and the impacts of such practices on those regions. Synthesis: here, the students are expected to create a practical solution to the cultural affects on different environment by recommending an action plan to achieve them (Ford, 2000). For example, the students would be asked to synthesize the importance of group work in reducing the cultural diversity. Evaluation: in this case, the students are expected to provide a critique of the issues purported to contribute to cultural differences among the people and give practical alternatives (Ford, 2000). In addition, the students would be expected to provide an overall understanding about cultural differences among the people. Lesson 2: Features of Multicultural Thinking and Education This follows immediately after the students are aware of the meaning of multicultural thinking and learning. It also applies the same approach in enhancing the students’ understanding about the specific features of multicultural thinking and education. It also proceeds in six steps as mentioned and discussed below. Knowledge: in this case, the students would be taught about the features of multicultural thinking and learning, and expected to apply the knowledge in their every day activities (Ford, 2000). For instance, they should understand the different cultural attributes such as language, norms and practices of the people. Comprehension: under comprehension, the students would be taught how the features impacts on the people ways of life, which ar e the positive contribution of cultural features (Ford, 2000). For example, language is a cultural attribute that differentiates the various communities in a given region. Application: notably, the application different cultural practices have various affects on the people (Ford, 2000). Therefore, at the end of this topic, the students will be expected to apply the various practices of different people to the development of the place. Analysis: in this case, the students would be expected to analyze various features of cultural practices and their affects on other people in an area, and/or compare them on different geographical contexts (Ford, 2000). For instance, the students might be asked to analyze the contribution of variations cultural norms and languages in development of the countries. Similarly, the impacts of such practices on other neighboring regions Synthesis: similarly, in this case, the students are expected to create a realistic solution to the affects that the diffe rent cultural features such as language and norms have on different environment by recommending an action plan to harmonise them (Ford, 2000). For example, the students would be asked to synthesize the value of the indigenous language or norm to the practicing community. Evaluation: on evaluation, the students are expected to provide a critique of the contribution of indigenous language and norms to the community development and integration and give sensible alternatives if there is any (Ford, 2000). In addition, the students would be expected to provide an overall understanding about the different languages and cultural norms of the people. Lesson 3: Strategies of Multicultural Thinking and Leaning After the students are now versed with the topic under discussion and its attributes, they are introduced to the strategies of multicultural thinking and education. In this lesson, the tutor would use the following strategies in illustrating multicultural thinking and learning. The Umbre lla Strategy: The tutor would focus on the importance of the umbrella strategy since it is the widely used model of explaining multiculturalism. Considering the figure below of an umbrella, the various sections show the different cultures and how they relate to produce a complex whole (Reissman, 1994). Figure 1: Multicultural Umbrella Source: Rose Reissman, 1994 Survey: this is another strategy of understanding multiculturalism. Through conducting surveys about the various cultural practices and languages, the students are expected to justify the significance of each of the attributes (Reissman, 1994). Naming Cultural Selves: This is another practical way of understanding multiculturalism (Reissman, 1994). Here, the students would be expected to name and understand diversity and spatial activities, which the different people engage in. Lesson 4: Significance of Multicultural Thinking and Learning Here, the students have to be taught on various aspects of multicultural thinking and receptiveness because the learning environment consists of diverse cultures (Shiraev Levy, 2012). Therefore, the educational curriculum should infuse the cross-cultural learning to make it viable for the different personalities globally. The lesson must cover the categories and importance of different cultures that the people practice, without any prejudice for a given practice (Shiraev Levy, 2012). In this case, the tutor should not consider any of the practice as dominant while undermining the others because the classroom might be consisting of most of the cultures. The lesson should also cover the distinct cultural practices and norms so that the students could be able to learn and apply their importance (Shiraev Levy, 2012). If the issues of cultural differences are addressed in the lesson, the students would easily identify with or respect diversity. Lesson 5: the Students’ Understanding about Multicultural Thinking and Learning This lesson starts with examining the o verall understanding of the students regarding multicultural thinking and learning. The tutor would inquire about the capability of the students to apply the knowledge acquired in classroom, about multicultural thinking and learning to solve real life problems affecting the people’s productivity. Under assessment of the students’ understanding, the tutor evaluates the students’ understanding about multiculturalism and other aspects discussed, in terms of engagements and testing to make sure that the latter do not have any misconception about the topic (Shiraev Levy, 2012). In this case, the evaluation would focus on all the other lessons. This lesson is very critical in evaluating the student’s understanding and assessing their overall performance in the topic. Since it is a final stage of the topic, it provides room for recommending adjustments on the curriculum to shape the students attention towards a deeper understanding of the subject. References Ca vanaugh, L. (2011). An Exploration of the Effectiveness of a Surf Camp Curriculum on Social Competence, Social Skills, and Self-Concept Changes of Children with Autism. Kindle: Kindle Edition. Ford, A. (2000). Infusing Multicultural Content into the Curriculum for Gifted Students. Web. Francis, M. (2000). Models for Multicultural Liturgy. Washington DC: Federation of Diocesan Liturgical Commissions. Reissman, R. (1994). Evolving Multicultural Classroom. Alexandria: Association for Supervision Curriculum Development Publishing. Shiraev, E. Levy, D. (2012). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications. New York, NY: Pearson Education. This research paper on Unit of Study was written and submitted by user Howard Saint to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Accessibility to safe drinking water

Everyone should have access to safe drinking water. It is possible to address the issues that prevent certain people from accessing safe drinking water. The people face challenges as they live in overcrowded slums in urban areas and in refugee camps. There are others who live in the rural areas of the developing countries which are greatly poverty-stricken. Unfortunately, they have no political power to ensure that their right to safe drinking water is enforced.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Accessibility to safe drinking water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leaders have neglected to provide resources for them to access safe drinking water. These people are estimated to be about one billion in the world (Global Water, 2010). International organizations are penetrating these countries and with the financial assistance of donors, they are providing resources for these people in order for them to live a heal thy life. There is underground water in even the most arid areas and the government and the international community can assist by digging wells for these communities. Water shortage and Food Supply Food supply and water shortage are inter-related. The population has been rapidly increasing causing the demand for food to also increase. In those areas where there is water scarcity, they are not able to participate in agricultural activities. The crop life withers and dies. The livestock also die due to hunger. There is also the adverse effect on the population. The people become weak and are not even able to participate in farming. Others get water-borne diseases such as cholera and typhoid from utilizing water that is dirty. The limited crop produce that the community could have harvested is not even harvested well due to decreased labour. It is estimated that over three million people suffer and die from water-borne diseases annually (Water.org, 2012). As the water shortage increase s, there will be growing food insecurity in the world. Addressing the global water shortage It is possible to ease the global water shortage especially in the developing countries. There are cost-effective ways to do it. It is not enough for the governments to provide food for the poor people but it is important to equip them with the resources to access clean water and participate in farming. This will cause them to stop utilizing dirty water for their activities. There are two main ways to address the problems. The first is to dig wells in the rural and arid areas to aid the people to have access to water. The other alternative is to treat water and use it in the home. The increasing population in the world requires water saving measures to be applied. There are technologies available to ensure high water quality. The harmful micro-organisms and chemical contaminants are removed. The people can also be educated on efficient and safe distribution techniques to ensure the water does not become dirty. Environmental challenges and water shortage In periods of water shortages the environment is adversely affected. When it comes to the ecosystem, there will be animal and plant life unable to survive in certain areas. The drought makes it hard to grow certain crops. Animals will travel long distances to look for areas where they can find water.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The change in the ecosystem affects the other animals which rely on the animals and crops as food creating imbalance (World Water Council, 2012). It is therefore important for governments and other international organizations to address the water shortage problems. Works Cited Global Water. Why Water. 2010. Web. http://globalwater.org/ Water.org. The Crisis. 2012. Web. https://water.org/our-impact/water-crisis/ World Water Council. Water Crisis. 2012. Web. http://www.worldwatercounci l.org/en/water-crisis This essay on Accessibility to safe drinking water was written and submitted by user Maxim Gray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Losing herself by Losing Weight †Creative Writing Story

Losing herself by Losing Weight – Creative Writing Story Free Online Research Papers Losing herself by Losing Weight Creative Writing Story In Grade Eight, the lessons were heavier than last year, and I spent more time on my study. Luckily, my mark is not so bad. Alicia found her boyfriend- a school-famous boy, called Will. He is not only good looking, but also the president of Student Council. In addition, he was born from an extremely rich family. Lots of girls scrambled to be his girlfriend, I thought even Backstreet Boy come to my school couldn’t be as popular as him. He was so scrupulous. When he knew Alicia got a cold, then he asked his driver taking some advanced medicine to her immediately. After P.E. classes, we often could find a glass of water on her desk. She immersed into love’s sea. Every girl who had a boyfriend in my grade envied Alicia so much. Alicia knew clearly that having this brilliant boyfriend was a challenge to her. Because she was not the most beautiful girl in my school and she thought her looking and body were much better than her. The worse, Will had one time pointed out that Alicia was a little bit fat, then she often mentioned she needed to keep fit. In order to keep his heart, Alicia began to reduce her savor, she refused to eat rice and only eat vegetable. Before she ate it, the vegetable might be soaked in water in order to get rid of the oil. When she was having supper, she often only ate an apple. Usually, she would eat raw carrot or cucumber as her breakfast. Oh, my god! In my mind, that’s worse than African refugees. The African had no food but they wanted to eat; to contrary, she had food but didn’t want to eat. I thought her losing weight plan was approaching abnormal. Gradually, she reached her aim, but her face’s colour turned to sallow from rubicund, like the withered grass in autumn. The worse, her menses didn’t come on time. She was not energetic as before. I was afraid that she might be faint anytime and her health couldn’t burden heavy study. She was losing herself. Being an outsider, I had thousands question marks in my brain about her behavior. In a Friday evening, when I was preparing my contest for next day, Alicia was staying at school for spending the weekend with her boyfriend. The room only had two. I finally found a chance to solve my doubt that had hidden so long, like the wine storied in the cellar for a century. â€Å"Alicia, is the raw carrot delicious?† I suspected asked. â€Å"If I tell you it is, then that’s lying you, but when you think about its purpose, that would be completely different. It likes a motivation to push you. â€Å"Push?† â€Å"Yes! When you meet your Mr. Right, you would understand my feeling.† â€Å"Alicia, you are still young, how you can decide your Mr. Right rashly? Are you sure that he is your best man? I think you had better spend more time on your study right now.† â€Å"Michelle, you can study at anytime and everywhere, but you can’t find your lover anytime. When he appears, you must speak out, or you would compunctious forever. You should know how to grab him, because you don’t know when he would appear again.† â€Å"Where did you learn it?† I was a little bit surprise that she would speak out such profound thing. â€Å"However, I won’t learn it from the text book.† â€Å"You mean book is not important to you any more?† â€Å"So what?† I was silent. Do you know that the volcano was extraordinary quite before erupt? I just had that feeling. â€Å"Hey, Alicia, time to get up, or you would miss having breakfast with Will.† After I brushed my teeth and washed the face, she still slept on the bed. I still remember that scene, she slept so quite, like the Egyptian mummy had slept for thousand years in the pyramid. Her hands were so cold, and her lips were purple. â€Å"Don’t trick me! Alicia! Wake up! Wake up!† I desperately swayed her. â€Å"Oh, no.† I rushed out of dormitory and shouted. Fortunately, Alicia was sent to hospital on time and the doctor told me in private that it was caused by over lose weight and serious lack of nutrition. When she was in dormitory, she had stupefied deeply. If I sent her to hospital in few hours later, she would probably sleep forever. I was startled and petrified. Love can let a healthy girl into the hospital! Is love worth doing so much for it? Yep, love is a bottomlem pit, it pushes the infatuation teenagers into the death. The news liked a flying bird, it dispersed everywhere. Lots of students laughed Alicia in private, especially the girls who didn’t like Alicia be Mrs. President. I didn’t divulge a word to her. She stayed in hospital a week, and then went home to have a rest. During the time, Will didn’t call her. I found there were some girls instead of Alicia around him. I was scared telling this to her. I was afraid that she would be crazy. When I called her each time, this poor Alicia always asked me how her boyfriend was, and asked me if student council had any activity like she was the real president of student council. When I response yes, she sounded excited and gave plentiful of suggestions and let me to tell him. When I asked her about her health, she replied: â€Å"Tell Will that don’t worry about me. I will be back soon.† The day when Alicia came back, I received a note from Will. I took it happily to her, because I though it might be a dating note. God knows, this note made me couldn’t close eye in that night. â€Å"Ah!† Alicia suddenly cried loudly. â€Å"What’s wrong?† Katherine and I hugged her at once. She passed the note to us. It said: â€Å"Alicia, I think we had better separate, because I don’t like you too thin.† â€Å"I need the wine. Where is the wine? I want to drink. I don’t want to think. What is wrong with me? It’s him, he said I was too fat, but now he abandoned me first because I was too thin. Michelle, Katherine, do you think I am too thin? Shit! I treat everyone so well, I treat him even better than myself. I can do anything for him, even killed myself. Why? Where is the wine? Michelle, please buy some drinks to me. You can’t understand how my heart hurt I was now. I want to die. Help me!† â€Å"Wu†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she sobbed. She was out of control. She threw pillow, threw the bedding. â€Å"It’s he, he told me he loved me, he wanted to marry me. I want to die. Michelle, I hate you. If you don’t send me to hospital, if you let me continue sleeping, then I won’t awake, then I will live in his heart, then he can remember me forever, remember what I have done for him, then I won’t face this hard situation. Why? Why don’t you let me die?† â€Å"Wu†¦Ã¢â‚¬  That night was a sleepless night. I lay on my bed. Alicia’s word like the movie scene kept showing in my mind. I found that if the boys treat their girlfriends well a little bit, the girls would devote all their love to their lovers. They would do everything for their boyfriends, they want to share everything with their boyfriends, they even would dream to marry their boyfriend, they would scarify everything for their boyfriends. Was it worth? Love wasn’t asked one side to contribute and then the other side to receive. Love didn’t ask you to lost yourself, but encourage you love yourself more. Only you know how to love yourself, then you had a right to love the other person, then your lover knows how to love you, and you can get more love. If a person even doesn’t know how to love herself, she didn’t have a right to ask for love. Because you didn’t love yourself, how can you require your boyfriend love you? Alicia, why you were so silly? Some times, you love deeper; you might be hurt more seriously. My dear Alicia, if you only learn the knowledge from the book, then you wouldn’t be abandoned. The textbook, let us keep a kind of pure. Research Papers on Losing herself by Losing Weight - Creative Writing Story19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Spring and AutumnPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingLifes What IfsBringing Democracy to AfricaHip-Hop is ArtThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentTwilight of the UAW

Comparison of the german and british educational system from a system Essay

Comparison of the german and british educational system from a system perpective - Essay Example In addition a stakeholder analysis for both educational systems will be included as part of the comparison. For purposes of this particular comparison, stakeholders will encompass teachers and quality assurance units. Education in the United Kingdom (UK) is required for everyone between the ages of five to sixteen. This is the definite bare minimum length of time that students attend educational institutions. More and more, young students go to nursery schools. Generally, they attend nursery schools at the age of three or four, As well, more Britons continue in education after the age of sixteen each year. In order to meet these demands educational institutions are have found it was necessary to expand the institutions. International students are welcome in all four parts of the UK: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. "Each of the four countries has broadly the same structure of education, and broadly the same sort of educational institutions. In Scotland, however, the system differs from the rest of the UK in a few significant respects." (PISA) The German School system is similar to the system in Brian in many ways; the time for compulsory school attendance in Germany is 10 years. In respect to elementary school, 'Grundschule students attend at ages 6 through 10, academic high school 'Gymnasium' is comprised of students between the ages of ages 11-19. Vocationally orie... Vocationally oriented 'Realschule' is available for students of ages 11-16. The diploma from the Gymnasium is the basic requirement for admission to a university, the Realschule diploma to a commercial or technical college, or to the last three years of Gymnasium. A diploma from a Hauptschule, a vocationally oriented branch with five years of education, ages 11-15, is generally required to enter a formal three-year vocational training program for skilled technicians, craftsmen etc., combined with classroom instruction at a vocational school (dual system of vocational training). (PEES) About one in thirteen of British school-age children goes through the independent system. International students under age of sixteen normally go to one of the 2,500 independent schools, which include most Britain's famous and ancient schools. Britain has a National Curriculum - a statement of the minimum learning requirements of all children at each stage in their education. This curriculum is compulsory in the state system. Independent schools are not bound by it, but in practice most of them teach what the National Curriculum demands (PEES) In Germany the figures for students beginning school wereas follows: School beginners, 2001/2002**: 796,700 children (48.5% girls), 1.9% less or down by 15,100 from the previous year, East: -2%, west: -1.9%. (PEESE) Britan differs from the German School System in the way German institutes study differ from those in England. they have the Scottish Certificate of Education (SCE), rather than GCSEs and A-levels. students go to a university or university sector college a year earlier than in the UK, and stay a year longer. students are not committed to the subject they applied to study. Educational

The Major Issues and Difficulties Facing the European Union and Its Essay

The Major Issues and Difficulties Facing the European Union and Its Attempts to Effectively Fight Fraud Against Its Budget - Essay Example In 1992, the Treaty of Maastricht was signed which gave rise to the European Union (EU). A single market devoid of any boundaries was established where people could go from one country to another freely. The single currency concept came into being in 2002 with the introduction of Euro. The EU family is growing day by day and more countries are joining in. The European Parliament, the body governing the EU, takes care of all the activities of the member states. The member countries set up the parliament by giving their votes. The votes are directly proportional to an individual country’s size. The parliament consists of Commissioners of different countries led by a President. (History of European Union, n.d.) With the enlargement of EU, more countries came into its fold. The challenge for the EU was to induct these countries into its set up. The problem faced by EU in this regard was that the Parliament was influenced by the bigger countries as they had the lion’s share of commissioners. The treaty of Nice underlined that the small countries will get to cast a minimum amount of votes while the big countries would cast the bigger share. This means that the bigger countries will influence all the decisions taken in the EU. (The treaty of nice, n.d.) Perhaps, the main issue facing the EU right now is the fraud against their budget. The symptoms are widespread now and the EU is facing severe problems in controlling the frauds against the budget. Despite the measures taken by the EU in controlling the frauds, various scams, and frauds surfaced which has led to the decrease in public trust on EU. OLAF was set up to look after the corruption against the budgetary frauds. (EU budget fraud, 16th January 2010). With the introduction of new member countries in the EU fold the problem of the transition begins.

Do we overplay the influence - especially the harmful influence - of Essay

Do we overplay the influence - especially the harmful influence - of the media on British politics - Essay Example Hodgson (2007) claimed that since ‘World War II’ British media has played an influential role in the country in terms of political participation, elections and political process among others. Considering this fact, media and newspaper has undermined several aspects of the country in terms of voting, elections, political equality and accountability. As a consequence, the impact of the political activities in case of business sectors, has diversely affected the performance of the country. Moreover, it has also affected the financial stability of the country in context of political background. Additionally, during the early 21st century the traditional trend of media changed to a considerable extent and the presence of social media highly influenced the political performance in Britain (Hodgson, 2007). In this assignment, the objective is to identify that whether we overplay the influences of media on the British politics. At the same time, the study has also emphasised to identify the harmful influences of media and newspaper of the British political system. During the contemporary era, the role of mass media has changed, which has influenced potential problems on the democratic environment of the British government. More precisely, media and newspaper has identified all the agenda from the domestic environment of the British and framed the same in front of Britain citizens. In this regard, mass media have a high influence on the macro political agenda, which has initiated difficulties for the political parties in Britain. According to the viewpoint of Tulloch (2007) British political system is usually established on the basis of democratic governance. In this context, it is evident that constitutional issues and governmental elections are usually the core agenda’s of the British political system. On the other hand, a large number of the

Prevalence of ESBL in Surgical Wound Infections and Burns

Prevalence of ESBL in Surgical Wound Infections and Burns PREVELANCE OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASES PRODUCERS AMONG SURGICAL WOUND INFECTIONS AND BURNS PATIENTS AT DR. SHANKARRAO CHAVAN GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE, NANDED. *Vivek M Gujar1, Sharmila S Raut2, Sanjaykumar R More3 1. Assistant Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Dr. S.C. Government Medical College, Nanded. 2. Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Dr. S.C. Government Medical College, Nanded. 3. Associate Professor, Dept. of Microbiology, Dr. S.C. Government Medical College, Nanded. ABSTRACT Purpose:- The purpose of this study was to know the prevalence of Extended Spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) among surgical wound infection and burn patients. Methods:- A total of 100 patients admitted to the surgical wards with post operative wound infections and burns from January 2014 to May 2014 were studied. A total of 137 isolates were obtained from these patients. Of these, 87 organisms (63.5% of the total isolates) were found to be Extended Spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) producers. The commonest were Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia . They were studied for ESBL production by screening test, CLSI disc diffusion method phenotypic confirmation by disc potentiation test. Result:- Out of 100 strains, 87 (63.5%) were confirmed as ESBL producers. Among the ESBL producer all the isolates were sensitive to Imipenem. Resistance against Ampicillin (10ug) is 100%, Gentamicin (10ug) is 80.46%, Ciprofloxacin (5ug) is 74.72%, Tetracycline(30ug) is 63.22% and Amikacin (30ug) is 16.1 0.% Conclusion:- Our study shows presence of ESBL producer among surgical wound infections and burn patients and their prevalence is 63.5%. The routine antimicrobial sensitivity test may fail to detect ESBL. Detection of ESBL production should be carried out as a routine in diagnostic laboratories by disc potentiation test as it is a simple and cost effective test. Antibiotics resistance is significantly more prevalent in ESBL positive isolates as compared to ESBL negative. Key words:- Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases, ESBL, INTRODUCTION The beta lactam antibiotics are amongst the most widely prescribed antibiotics and are an important component of empirical therapy in intensive care unit and high risk ward.1,2,3 Resistance to beta lactam antibiotics is an increasing problem worldwide.4 Increase in the prevalence of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus, Vancomycin resistance in Enterococci, Extended spectrum beta lactamases (ESBL) production in Enteric Gram negative bacilli and Fluroquinolone resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoea are just a few examples of the rising problem of resistance documented by both national and international surveillance system in the past few years.5 The ESBL are plasmid mediated enzymes that hydrolyze the oxyimino beta lactam (3rd generation cephalosporine) and monobactam (aztreonam), but have no effect on cephamycins (cefoxitin and cefotatan). It is situated in periplasmic space.6 Although TEM type beta lactamases are most often found in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, they are also found in Enterobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Pseudomanas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Capnocytophaga ochracea and Citrobacter 7,8,9,10. However, the frequency of ESBL production in these organisms is low.11 Over 150 different ESBLs have been described as of today.12 ESBL pose a major problem for clinical therapeutic. It is necessary to identify the prevalence of these strain in hospitals and to characterise their epidemiology, control spread of these strains and to determine suitable preventive measures and treatment policies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A present study was conducted at Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College, Nanded between January 2014 – May 2014. A total number of 100 post operative wound infections and burns patients wound swabs were processed during the study. A total of 137 isolates were obtained from these patients. COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ISOLATES Using aseptic precautions, wound swabs were collected from the patients using sterile tipped swabs. The organism(s) isolated were identified based on colony morphology on blood agar, MacConkey agar and by standard biochemical tests.13,14 Strains:- Escherichia coli ATCC 25922( ESBL negative) and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603 (ESBL positive)were used as control organism throughout the study. Antimicrobial Susceptibility testing:- The antibiotic sensitivity test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique with commercial available discs (HiMedia, Mumbai, India) on Muller Hinton agar plates. The discs used were Ampicillin (10ug), Amikacin (30ug), Gentamicin (10ug), Ciprofloxacin (5ug), Imipenem (10ug) and Tetracycline (30ug). The diameter of the zone of inhibition of each antibiotic was measured and interpreted as sensitive, intermediate sensitive or resistance according to CLSI criteria.15 Detection of ESBL15:- In the present study 137 isolates were tested for ESBL production by the following methods- SCREENING TESTS15:- CLSI disc diffusion method PHENOTYPIC CONFIRMATION TEST15:- Disc potentiation test CLSI ESBL Screening test:- 15 According to NCCLS 2002 for screening test to be positive or to consider an organism as probable ESBL producer the zone diameter should be- Antibiotic Zone diameter In mm or less Ceftazidime(30ug) 22 Cefotaxime (30ug) 27 Ceftriaxone (30ug) 25 Cefpodoxime(10ug) 17 Aztreonam (30ug) 27 The use of more than one antimicrobial agent suggested for screening will improve the sensitivity of ESBL detection15. Ideally the most sensitive ESBL screening agent is Cefpodoxime for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae.9 In the present study, ceftazidime (30ug), cefotaxime (30ug), ceftriaxone(30ug), cefpodoxime (10ug) and aztreonam (30ug) were used. These were stored in refrigerator. Before use they were taken out of refrigerator and brought to room temperature. Then they were applied on Muller Hinton agar for Antibiotic sensitivity testing. DISC POTENTIATION METHOD 15 As per CLSI guidelines disc potentiation method was used as phenotypic confirmatory test. For confirmation of ESBL production ceftazidime (30ug), ceftazidime + clavulanic acid combination disc (30/10ug) manufactured by HiMedia and cefotaxime (30ug) + cefotaxime clavulanic acid (30/10ug) prepared in laboratory were used. PREPARATION OF CLAVULANIC ACID STOCK SOLUTION For preparation of clavulanic acid stock solution Augmentin powder (gsk company) was used- 1.2gm vial of (Augmentin) contains 200mg clavulanic acid 1200 mg contains 200mg clavulanic acid Therefore, 6 mg Augmentin contains 1 mg clavulanic acid. 6 mg Augmentin is dissolved in 1 ml sterile distilled water to make a solution i.e 1ml solution contain 1 mg clavulanic acid. i.e 1000ul solution contains 1000ug clavulanic acid. PREPARATION OF CEFOTAXIME-CLAVULANIC ACID DISC15,16 Cefotaxime (30ug) discs were kept separately in a sterile petridish. 10ul of stock solution of clavulanic acid was added to each disc with a micropipette. 30 minutes were allowed for clavulanic acid to absorb and also for the disc to dry. The discs were used immediately after preparation. STORAGE OF CEFTAZIDIME+CLAVULANIC ACID DISC Clavulanic acid being labile, discs were placed in separate screw capped glass vials and stored at -200C. When antibiotics discs were required for test, they were removed from the freezer and allowed to come to room temperature before application. 17 APPLICATION OF DISCS:- After preparing the inoculum, Muller Hinton agar plates were inoculated. With the help of sterile forcep antibiotic discs containing ceftazidime and ceftazidime+clavulanic acid and cefotaxime and cefotaxime+clavulanic acid were placed on inoculated Muller Hinton agar plate at a distance of 24 mm from center to center. Plates were inverted and incubated at 370C for 16-18 hours. INTERPRETATION More than or equal to 5mm increase in a zone diameter for ceftazidime and cefotaxime tested in combination with clavulanic acid versus its zone when tested alone indicate ESBL production. ESBL POSITIVE:- If an isolate is confirmed as ESBL producer, the isolate reported as resistant to all Penicillin, Cephalosporins and Monobactam (Aztreonam). ESBL NEGATIVE:- If an isolate is not confirmed as ESBL producer, the sensitivity of the isolate was reported as per sensitivity test report. RESULT The total number of patients screened were 100 of which 64 were males and 36 females (M : F = 1.78:1). The average age was 44.72 years (Range 12-80 years). The types of wounds were post operative wounds (65.7%) and burns (34.3%). Duration of hospital stay ranged from 15 days to 3 months. Out of 137 strains, 87 (63.50%) were confirmed as ESBL producers (Table 1). Susceptibility pattern of the ESBL producers were studied. All the isolates were sensitive to Imipenem. Resistance against Ampicillin (10ug) is 100%, Gentamicin (10ug) is 80.46%, Ciprofloxacin (5ug) is 74.72%, Tetracycline(30ug) is 63.22% and Amikacin (30ug) is 16.10.% (Table 3). TABLE 1 Distribution of ESBL strains among the different organisms isolated Sr. no Organism No. of organisms Isolated No. of ESBL strains % ESBL strains 1 Escherichia coli 71 45 63.38% 2 Klebsiella pneumonia 57 36 63.15% 3 Enterobacter spp. 07 04 57.14% 4 Morganella morganii 01 01 100% 5 Providentia rettgeri 01 01 100% TOTAL 137 87 63.50% Table 2 Distribution of ESBL strains based on clinical diagnosis Sr. no Clinical diagnosis No. of organisms Isolated No. of ESBL strains % ESBL strains 1 Post operative wounds Infections 90 55 61.11% 2 Burns 47 32 68.08% Table 3 Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of ESBL positive strains Sr. no Organism Susceptibility Category A Ak G Cf T I 1 Escherichia coli (45) S 00 37 07 10 18 45 IS 00 05 02 01 02 00 R 45 03 36 34 25 00 2 Klebsiella pneumonia (36) S 00 30 05 07 10 36 IS 00 02 02 02 01 00 R 36 04 29 27 25 00 3 Other. (06) S 04 06 05 05 04 06 IS 00 00 00 01 01 00 R 02 00 01 00 01 00 A=Ampicillin, Ak = Amikacin, Cf = Ciprofloxacin, G = Gentamicin, T = Tetracycline, I = Imepenem, R= Resistance, S = sensitive, IS = Intermediate sensitive DISCUSSION The prevalence of ESBL among clinical isolates very greatly worldwide, indifferent geographic areas and are rapidly changing overtime.18 In, 1983, Knothe et.al describe for the first time transferable resistance to the broad spectrum cephalosporins in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae.19 The routine susceptibility test done by clinical laboratories fail to detect ESBL positive strains. The incidence of ESBL producing organisms in various studies has varied from 0-84%. In our study prevalence of ESBL producing strains is found to be 63.5%. All ESBL producers were sensitive to Imipenem. The result is in accordance with observation reported by other investigators.3,12,18,20 The new inhibitor based confirmatory test approach has been recommended by the CLSI for detection of ESBL. In the present study we found disc potentiation method to be reproducible, sensitive, easy and cost effective for use in a busy diagnostic laboratory.3,11 The use of both cefotaxime and ceftazidime with and without clavulanic acid increases the sensitivity of detection of ESBL compared to the use of only one of them. Inclusion of Cefpodoxime has been reported to further increase the sensitivity of this tests. 3,11 Among the Enterobacteriaceae, ESBL are most prevalent in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates. CONCLUSION The prevalence of ESBL producing strains is 63.5%. Multidrug resistance was found to be significantly higher in ESBL positive isolates as compared to ESBL negative. All the ESBL producers are sensitive to Imipenem. If an isolate is confirmed as ESBL producer, the isolate reported as resistant to all Penicillin, Cephalosporins and Monobactam (Aztreonam). Detection and reporting of beta lactamases producer is responsibility of every clinical Microbiologist. To prevent the spread of ESBLs producing organisms, infection control precautions like barrier nursing, cohorting of patients and nurses, attention to hand washing are essential. REFRENCES Chambers H F, Neu H C, Other beta lactam antibiotics In:Mandell G L, Bennetts J E, Daolin R, editors. Principles and Practice of infectious diseases 4th ed. Vol.I, New york: Churchill Livingstone;1995p.264-72. Fatima H M,, Chanawong A, Kevin G K, Birkenhead D and Hawkey P M. Detection of extended spectrum beta lactamases in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae: comparision of the MAST DD test, the double disc and Etest ESBL. J antimicrob Chemother (2000) 45: 881-885. Mathur P, Kapil A, Das B and Dhawan B. Prevalence of extended spectrum beta lactamases producing Gram negative bacteria in a tertiary care hospital. Indian J Med Res (2000) 115: 153-157. Samaha-Kfoury J N and Georges F A. Recent development in beta lactamases and extended spectrum beta lactamases. British Med J (2003) 327: 1209-1213. Tenover F C, Mohammed M J, Stelling J, O’brien T and Williams R. Ability of Laboratories To Detect Emerging Antimicrobial Resistance: Proficiency Testing and Quality Control Results from the World Health Organisation’s External Quality Assurance System for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. J Clin Microbiol (2001) 39(1):241-250. Louis Rice, MD. Evolution and Clinical Importance of Extended Spectrum beta Lactamases. CHEST (2001) 119: 391S-396S. Decre D, Guchot B, Lucet C, Guillaume A, Bergogne B and Regnier B. Clinical and Bacteriologic Epidemiology of Extended Spectrum beta Lactamases Producing Strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Medical Intensive Care Unit. Clin Infect Dis (1998) 27: 834-844. Thomas K S. Controversies about Extended Spectrum and AmpC beta Lactamases CDC (2001) 7(2): 1-9. Rodrigues C, Joshi P, Jani S H, Alphonse M, Radhakrishanan Ramd Mehta A, DETECTION OF BETA LACTAMASES IN NOSOCOMIAL GRAM NEGATIVE CLINICAL ISOLATES. Indian J Med Microbiol (2004) 22(4): 247-250. Tankhiwale S S, Jalgaonkar S V, Sarfraz Ahmed and Hassani U. Evaluation of extended spectrum beta lactamases in urinary isolates. Indian J Med Res (2004) 120: 553-556. Chaudhary U and Aggarwal R. EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASES (ESBL) – AN EMERGING THREAT TO CLINICAL THERAPEUTICS. Indian J Med Microbiol (2004) 22(2): 75-80. Menon T, Bindu D, Kumar CPG, Nalini S and Thirunarayan M A. COMPARISON OF DOUBLE DISC AND THREE DIMENSIONAL METHODS TO SCREENING FOR ESBL PRODUCERS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL. Indian J Med Microbiol (2006) 24: 117-120. Betty A Forbes, Daniel F Sahm, Alice S Weissfeld. Laboratory cultivation and isolation of bacteria. In: K.Fabiano, Sarahly L, Ellen Wurm, editors. Bailey and Scott’s Diagnostic Microbiology, 11th ed. Mosby Elesvier; (2002): 133-147. Koneman E W, Allen S D, Janda M W, Schreckenberger P C and Wine W C. The Enterobacteriaceae. In: Andrew A, Collins H and Deitch S editors. COLOUR ATLAS AND TEXTBOOK OF DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY, 5th ed. Philadelphia: J b Lipincott Co. 1991: 105-184. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Twelth Information Supplement 2002. M100-S12. Vol.20 No.1 2 Villanova Pa. Steward C D, Rasheed J K, Hubert S K, Biddble J W, Raney P M, Anderson G J, Williams P P, Brittain K L, Oliver A, McGowan J E and Tenover F C. Characterization of clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae from 19 laboratories using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standard Extended spectrum beta Lactamases Detection methods. J Clin Microbiol (2001) 39(8): 2864-2872. Watt C, Louie M, simor A E. Evaluation of Stability of Cefotaxime(30ug) and Ceftazidime(30ug) discs impregnated with clavulanic acid(10ug) for detection of Extended spectrum beta Lactamases. J Clin Microbiol (2000) 38(7): 2796-2797. Babypadmini S and Appalaraju B. EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASES IN URINARY ISOLATES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE – PREVALENCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY PATTERN IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL. Indian J Med Microbiol (2004) 22(3): 172-174. Liu P Y, Jai-Chain T, Se-Chin Ke and Chen S L. Molecular Epidemiology of Extended Spectrum beta Lactamases producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates in District Hospital in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol (1998) 36(9): 2759-2762. Shukla I, Tiwari R and Agarwal M. PREVALENCE OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE PRODUCING KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL. Indian J Med Microbiol (2004) 22(2): 87-91.

Rate of Isomerism of [Co(en)2Cl2] Essay

In the course of this experiment the rate of isomerism for the coordination complex cis[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl was determined using UV/Vis spectrometry. Using a range of wavelengths the optimum spectrometer setting for analysis was identified. The corresponding maximum and minimum absorbance of the cis and trans isomers respectively at 540 nm meant that it was selected as the wavelength to determine the rate of conversion between the isomers. The first order rate constant was calculated to be 0.0092 m-1 which is somewhat similar to the literature value of 0.00845 m-1 (Brasted and Hiriyama 1958). The half-life (t 1/2) was found to be 75.34 minutes. Introduction: The compound [Co(en)2Cl2]+ is known as a coordination complex, that is, it consists of a Cobalt atom surrounded by an array of molecules to which it is bound, called ligands (Brown 2010). In this case the ligands are Ethylenediamine which are ‘bidentate’, meaning bound in two locations. These ligands are bonded between the two Nitrogen atoms as seen in figure 1 below. This complex occurs in two geometric isomers, cis-[Co(en)2Cl2] + and trans-[Co(en)2Cl2] +. In this experiment the Chloride salt form of the complexes were used i.e. cis-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl. Figure 1: The Trans and Cis isomers of [Co(en)2Cl2]+ Source: Shapter ,J. 2014 Experiment 1: Rate of Isomerism cis[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl, Flinders University, Australia The Cis- isomer form of the complex which is purple in solution reacts to form the Trans- isomer which is green in solution. This experiment uses spectroscopy to quantify the conversion of the Cis into the Trans isomer due to the fact that the concentration of the Cis isomer is proportional to the difference in absorbance of the two complexes in solution. This isomerism of the Cis-form is a first order reaction and its rate is expressed in equation 1 below. Equation 1: By measuring the optical densities at time 0, t and infinity the rate constant k can be determined with equation 2, a rearranged and substituted form of the formula used above. Equation 2: a) Which rearranges to give: b) Experimental: Solutions of 2 Ãâ€" 10-3 M Cis- and Trans-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl were prepared and placed in volumetric flasks of 100 ml and 10ml volumes respectively. Samples of these solutions were placed in cuvettes and measured in a spectrometer over the range of wavelengths between 350 and 700 nm. The Varian Car 50 UV-Vis spectrometer recorded the absorbance of the two isomers and produced a print out which was used to identify the correct wavelength for further spectroscopy (see Appendix 1). Using the SP – 880 Metertech spectrometer, the absorbance was measured and recorded as seen in Table 1. Next the Cis isomer solution was warmed in a water bath at 40 degrees Celsius and a sample was taken and cooled in an ice bath. The absorbance of the sample was then measured using the wavelength previously selected. This was repeated at ten minute intervals for an hour. Finally a last sample of the cis[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl was analysed with the spectrometer 24 hours after to determine the value. Results: Table 1: Absorption of the Two Isomers at Various Wavelengths Wavelength (nm) Cis Trans 350 0.468 0.144 360 0.289 0.090 370 0.207 0.087 380 0.180 0.091 390 0.170 0.091 400 0.466 0.397 410 0.123 0.070 420 0.092 0.057 430 0.066 0.049 440 0.049 0.047 450 0.041 0.048 460 0.043 0.048 470 0.049 0.045 480 0.061 0.039 490 0.076 0.031 Wavelength (nm) Cis Trans 500 0.093 0.025 510 0.110 0.020 520 0.124 0.017 530 0.134 0.017 540 0.137 0.020 550 0.134 0.025 560 0.129 0.034 570 0.122 0.044 580 0.116 0.055 590 0.065 0.109 600 0.102 0.071 610 0.095 0.075 620 0.085 0.074 630 0.073 0.067 640 0.060 0.055 650 0.049 0.049 660 0.035 0.038 670 0.026 0.028 680 0.018 0.020 690 0.013 0.013 700 0.009 0.008 Figure 1: Absorbance against Wavelength of Cis and Trans Isomers Table 2: Absorbance of Cis Isomer at 540 nm Time (min) Cis Abs ln[Dt-D∞] y = -0.01104 X – 2.40936 10 0.117 -2.51331 -2.519758607 20 0.108 -2.63109 -2.630158414 30 0.100 -2.74887 -2.74055822 40 0.093 -2.8647 -2.850958026 50 0.089 -2.93746 -2.961357833 60 0.082 -3.07911 -3.071757639 t ∞ 0.036 Figure 2: Natural Logarithm of the Cis Isomer Absorbance against Time Table 3: Slope, Y intercept and Regression Error Generated by Linest Function -0.01104 -2.40936 0.00036364 0.014162 0.995679 0.015212 921.711268 4 0.21329205 0.000926 Calculations: Mass of Cis Isomer Required to Make 2 x 10-3 M 100ml M = Mass/(Volume Ãâ€" Molar Mass) Mass req. = 2 Ãâ€" 10-3 Ãâ€" ((100/1000) Ãâ€" 285) = 57mg Mass of Trans Isomer Required to Make 2 x 10-3 M 10ml M = Mass/(Volume Ãâ€" Molar Mass) Mass req. = 2 Ãâ€" 10-3 Ãâ€" ((10/1000) Ãâ€" 285) = 5.7mg k k = (ln[D0-D∞] -ln[Dt-D∞]) / t k = 0.0092 m-1 ln[Dt-D∞] ln[D0-D∞] -3.0718 -2.5198 Half life t 1/2 = ln[2/k] = 75.3422 min Error Propagation: Measured weight of isomers Cis 56.7mg Trans 5.7mg Resolution of Scales ‘Satorius Extend’: 0.1mg Volumetric glassware 100ml  ± 0.1 ml ‘A’ Class 10ml  ± 0.025 ml ‘A’ Class Discussion: Methanol was used as a solvent in this experiment to avoid the chemical interactions that may have occurred had water been used in its place (Mahaffy 2011). In the initial solution of the Cis isomer accuracy wasn’t as important as it was being measured to find the optimal wavelength for analysis as seen in Figure 1 and Appendix 1. Preparation of the Cis Isomer solution measured to produce Figure 2 required a mass of the compound as close as possible to the calculated amounts (See Results – Calculations) in order to produce results that allowed for the accurate determination of the rate constant (k) and half-life (t1/2). The relationship between k and t1/2 is that k is a factor in the formula of t1/2 (See Results – Calculations) and determines what unit of time that the half-life is expressed in (in this case minutes-1). Figure 1 plots the absorbance of the two isomers against the various wavelengths from 350nm 700nm. From this graph the wavelength of 540nm was id entified as the ideal to be used to determine the reaction rate of the isomers. This was due to the local maxima of the Cis isomer at this  point which coincides with the local minima of the Trans isomer. This data is confirmed by the printout of the Varian Car 50 UV-Vis spectrometer which also marked the 540nm point on its plot (see Appendix 1). This clear difference in absorption of the two isomers at this wavelength meant that the rate of inter-conversion could be determined. The graph of the natural logarithm of the absorbance of the Cis isomer against time can be seen in figure 2. By observing the points on the plot a straight line of decay confirms that this reaction is first order, a logarithm of the measured absorbance values (Christian 2010). Calculations were carried out on the data in table 2 to determine the k and t1/2 (see Results – Calculations). The k value calculated of 0.0092 m-1 roughly matches the figure generated by the linest function 0.01104m-1 (see Table 3, top left) and is also similar to the literature value of 0.00845m-1. With the calculated k value of 0.0092 the t1/2 was determined to be 75.3422 minutes. Slight variations between the k value calculated from the points in figure 2 and that generated by the linest function can be accounted for by the fact that the linest function is a calculate d line of best fit and so does not fit the data points collected exactly but is an approximation. The slight difference between the literature value of k 0.00845m-1 and the calculated k of 0.0092m-1 can be accounted for by human error in time, volume and mass measurement. The range of error in this measurement is  ±0.00075 which is the difference between the calculated and literature values. Conclusion: In this experiment the rate constant (k) was determined to be 0.0092m-1  ±0.00075 and the t1/2 was calculated to be 75.3422 minutes. References: Brasted, R. Hirayama C. 1958 The cis-trans Isomeration of Dichlorbis-(ethylenediamine)-cobalt(III) Chloride and Dichlorbis-(propylenediamine)-cobalt(III) Chloride in Alcohols, Journal of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota. Vol. 80 pp 788 – 794. Brown, T. LeMay H. Bursten, B. Murphy, C. Langford, S. & Sagatys D. 2010. Chemistry: The Central Science, Pearson, Australia. pp 1196 – 1197. Christian, G. 2010. Analytical Chemistry 6th Ed., John Wiley & Sons, USA. pp 159, 270 – 271. Mahaffy, P. Bucat, B . Tasker, R. Kotz, J. Treichel, P. Weaver, G. & McMurry, J. 2011. Chemistry: Human Activity, Chemical Reactivity, Nelson Education, Canada. pp 99, 115 – 116. Appendices: Appendix 1: Figure 3: Absorbance of Cis and Trans Isomers at Various Wavelengths (Varian Car 50 UV-Vis spectrometer)

Core & Peripheries

Economic value will shift to the ends of the networks, as a result of the decoupling of intelligence in a network. Subsequently, companies have realized that they need to change their focus to the core – the back-end intelligence that is farthest away from the user – and the periphery – the front-end intelligence that is closest to the user. This separation of value to the ends has thus created an opportunity for organizations to optimize their business functions around the ends. Common InfrastructureAs in the case of the PC at work, there was a clash between what the users wanted: easy-to-use, portable, and flexible at the front-end; powerful and reliable at the back-end. In trying to provide both requirements some necessary design compromises had to be made previously. However, with the decoupling of intelligence in networks the two ends could be separated and a common infrastructure provided at the back-end, in the form of one server in the IT Department of th e office, while the front-end intelligence could be made without compromise as specialized machines.Similarly, disparate elements within the company can be combined to form shared infrastructures that are more cost-effective in their specialization. Modularity The mobilization of intelligence is another pattern that has resulted in a trend that has shifted economic value in the network. Sawhney and Parikh (2001) have discovered that the importance of plug-and-play has been established by the subsequent modularity of devices, softwares, and processes into self-contained modules that can be assimilated into a new value chain as needed.Sharing of capabilities is more important in this regard, than safeguarding of proprietary assets. Orchestration With increased modularity, it has become more and more economically valuable for there to be companies and managers that are able to coordinate, organize, and connect the different modules into new value chains. HP and Cisco are such examples of companies that are seeking to become the intelligent hubs to coordinate their various stakeholders, and are thus reaping the lion’s share of the value in their respective networks. Conclusion In the words of Sawhney and Parikh (2010, p.79): â€Å"By learning to recognize two simple patterns in the evolution of networks, you may be able to turn chaos into opportunity. † It is the intelligence of the network, more specifically its location and mobility as established by the recent advancements in technology that determines the way that companies organize disparate pieces of information, products, people, and the market, and consequently, how to maximize the inherent value. References Sawhney, M. & Parikh, D. (2001). Where Value Lives in a Networked World. Harvard Business Review, 79, p79-86. Retrieved May 02, 2010, from Harvard Business Review.